Metabolism

Question 1

autotrophs

Answer 1

can fix inorganic carbon to organic carbon

Question 2

endoliths

Answer 2

organism that lives in pore space
limited by energy
surface=photosynthesis

Question 3

organic carbon in the soil does what with depth

Answer 3

decreases

Question 4

soil limitations

Answer 4

pH and water
light limits phototrophs

Question 5

deep subsurface

Answer 5

permeable rock
living microbes found up to 5000m depth
slow growing anaerobic chemolitho

Question 6

oceans limitations

Answer 6

photic zone has most of organisms as no light in the rest of the ocean limits organisms
availability of iron

Question 7

Fresh water conditions

Answer 7

flow affects oxygen and carbon
variable mineral conditions
lakes are stagnate so have plumes of microorganisms

Question 8

ATP

Answer 8

chemical energy carrier within a cell

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

all biochemical processes within a cell

Question 10

catabolism

Answer 10

degradative processes (oxidation)
creates energy
turns larger molecules in smaller ones +ATP
formation of energy from substrate

Question 11

anabolism

Answer 11

biosythetic processes
formation of biomass
making larger molecules
requires energy

Question 12

photosynthesis

Answer 12

doesnt produce or release energy it transforms energy
anabolic processes

Question 13

fermentation how they get APT

Answer 13

use enzymes to transfer phosphoryl group directly from a substrate to ADP

Question 14

PED

Answer 14

primary electron donor

Question 15

TEA

Answer 15

terminal electron acceptor

Question 16

electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 16

sequence of redox reactions in a cell membrane that leads to ATP generation
having little reactions conserves heat/energy

Question 17

enzymes are

Answer 17

biological catalysts
highly specialised

Question 18

aerobic respiration TEA

Answer 18

oxygen

Question 19

oxidative phosphorylation (used in respiration)

Answer 19

electron stripped from a reduced substrate (external donor)
PED transferred along an ETC to a TEA
PED &TEA happen outside the cell so effect surroundings

Question 20

photophosphorylatin (used in photosynthesis)

Answer 20

electron activated by light and already there in the cell, then moves along the transport chain

Question 21

the greater difference in electrode potential

Answer 21

the more steps there are in the ETC so less energy wasted and more energy produced

Question 22

why fermentation over respiration

Answer 22

no need for external TEA so redox reactions can occur internally regardless of external enviro

Question 23

why respiration over fermentation

Answer 23

more efficient as more ATP produced as lots of steps

Question 24

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 24

can use both aerobic and anaerobic
good in fluctuating environments

Question 25

chemohetertrophy

Answer 25

preformed molecules as energy source organic compound as electron donor organic carbon as carbon source

Question 26

chemohetertrophy processes

Answer 26

fermentation and respiration

Question 27

dissimilatory x reduction in order naughty men in men's suits melt

Answer 27

nitrate manganese iron metals sulfate methanotrophs (consume methane)

Question 28

iron reduction

Answer 28

soils and sediments iron can't cross cell membrane implicated in release of fe in anoxic ground water, degrade organic matter in sediment

Question 29

electron shuttles

Answer 29

organics compounds speed up dissimilatory metal reduction reactions

Question 30

bioremediation

Answer 30

reduced uranium is much less soluble iron reducers can help

Question 31

methanogenesis

Answer 31

metabolism of last resort water logged soils, tundra ect can only break down v simple carbon use enzymes instead of ETC

Question 32

chemolithoautotrophy

Answer 32

carbon source co2 (usually)

Question 33

why is lithoauto less energetically favourable than hetero

Answer 33

electron donors required for ATP and co2 fixation hetero produces more energy Biomass yield per mole of substrate oxidized is much lower for lithoauto

Question 34

lithoauto TEA

Answer 34

usually o2 but can be nitrate mn fe sulfur

Question 35

lithoauto hydrogen oxidizers happy men's suits in many nuns

Answer 35

most widespread lithoauto and most efficient energy yield PED-hydrogen

Question 36

lithoauto methanogens (genesis)

Answer 36

form/oxidise methane widespread where stable source of CH4

Question 37

lithoauto sulphur oxidizers gradient

Answer 37

oxygen gradient enviro (small amounts of o) neutral pH enough reduces sulfur sulfur springs, microbial mats, low o2 seawater, sewage polluted freshwater

Question 38

lithoauto sulfur oxidzers acidophiles Enviro Pedro tea Microbe

Answer 38

acid rich enviro H2S most common PED, O2 most common TEA acidothiobacillus

Question 39

beggiatoa

Answer 39

sulfur oxidizers- gradient need enough reduced sulfur and are found in low O envrio

Question 40

lithoauto iron oxidizers neutrophiles

Answer 40

require O2 but don't need much gallionella ferruginea

Question 41

lithoauto nitrogen oxidizers | ped& tea

Answer 41

PED -NH4+ (goes to NO3-) TEA -O2 nitrifying bacteria

Question 42

abiotic and biotic oxidation

Answer 42

chemical species could be oxidised abiotically by O but at low O or pH abiotic oxidation is very slow so microorganisms speed it up

Question 43

Phototrophs

Answer 43

using solar energy to synthesis organic molecules electron donors used for anabolism so no primary electron donors

Question 44

photosynthesis how does it work

Answer 44

light sensitive pigments transform light energy into chemical energy

Question 45

light reaction in photo

Answer 45

light energy absorbed by pigment molecules and transformed into ATP

Question 46

dark reactions in photo

Answer 46

chemical reactions in photosynthesis that don’t require light, including CO2-fixation (autotrophy) and N2-fixation

Question 47

oxic/anoxic, oxygenic/anoxygenic, aerobic/anaerobic

Answer 47

enviroment processes organism

Question 48

anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

Answer 48

categorised by pigment and type of reductant (electron donor) non sulfur- like small amounts of sulfur but don't need it

Question 49

purple bacteria

Answer 49

allows them to live in deeper water where IR rad filtered out stratified lake or marine waters sulfur electron donor-H2S nonsulfur-hetero (not to much H2S)

Question 50

green sulfur bacteria

Answer 50

anareobic electron donors-inorganic sulfur compounds sulfur rich envrioments lower layers of microbial mats or shallow marine sediments

Question 51

green nonsulfur bacteria

Answer 51

aerobic hetero or anaerobic auto electron donor-sulfides or H2 hot springs, microbial mats and hypersaline environments