Metabolism Flashcards
What is Metabolism?
complex system of chemical reactions occurring the body’s cell. Necessary for producing energy, repair cells and sustain life
Endocrine Control
Endocrine system is responsible for metabolism
Signals sent to the brain —— then to the hypothalamus—— then to the pituitary—-then the pituitary send hormones out to specific tissues in the body
Example - Reproductive hormones target ovaries
Blood sugar targets pancreas tissue
What is the endocrine gland?
specialized cells, tissue or an organ that secrete hormone directly into the blood stream
What is an exocrine gland?
secrete other fluids such as sweat, saliva, mammary, Bartholin glands
DON’T SECRETE HORMONES.
Hormone Regulation
the hormone produced and secreted by hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes and pancreas
What do endocrine gland produce?
They produce hormones in response to certain level of substances like “ sodium, sugar or sex” hormones
Risk Factors
Surgery Tumors Radiation Stress Trauma Sedentary lifestyle Ethnicity Family Hx Chronic medical conditions
Results of Impaired Endocrine Control
Growth problems, vision, sleep or appetite disturbances
Osteoporosis Risk Factors
A- alcohol C- Steroids C- calcium low E- Estrogen low S- smoking S- Sedentary
Causes of Osteoporosis
Menopause (estrogen deficiency)
Low vitamin D and Calcium levels
**Common older white females
Clinical Manifestation of Osteoporosis
Loss of height Curvature of spine Low back pain Fractures Some have no S&S
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
reduce the risk of osteoporosis by preserving bone mineral density without estrogenic effects on the uterus
SE- hot flashes, leg cramps, stroke, DVT, Clots
Increase vitamin D & calcium and monitor bone density
Osteoporosis Management
Pt develops appropriate exercise plan Diet management- calcium rich foods Safety Risk Assessment - Dexa Scan (Bone density) Pain Management Meds Warms Baths Heating Pads
What are specific blood tests for osteoporosis?
Serum Calcium Levels
Bone Density Test
What pharmacologic therapy is most often used? And what do they do for Osteoporosis?
Calcium gluconate-used to treat low ca+ levels for people who do not get enough ca+ in diet
Bisphosphonates- prevent the loss of bone density
What is the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and how does that make it a metabolic disorder?
bone strength weakens and is susceptible to fracture. It is a metabolic disorder because of skeletal fragility and susceptibility to fracture attributed to reduction of bone mass and deterioration of bone
What is Liver Disease?
inflammation of the liver leading to scarring and irreversible damage over time leading to end stage liver disease
Risk factor of Liver Disease
High risk behaviors - sex, drugs, alcohol, Hep A, B, C
High cholesterol diet/ poor nutrition
Sedentary lifestyles
Chronic health conditions
Clinical Manifestation of Liver Disease
Edema Ascites Bleeding Issues/ Vomiting Blood Brusing esophageal varices Gastritis Jaundice/ Itchy Skin
Prevention of Liver Disease
Avoid Alcohol Improved Nutrition Lifestyle Changes Avoid hepatoxic drugs (NSAID) Maintain Skin Integrity Paracentesis- to relieve fluid in abdomen Minimize risk of bleeding Maintain I&O Daily weight Promote Safety and Cognition
What is ascites and what procedure is used to relieve it?
Ascites is fluid in the third spacing of abdomen a paracentesis is used to drain fluid from the abdomen
Know the specific liver function tests and other ways liver disease is diagnosed.
CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Biopsy
Blood test - Bilirubin, Albumin, Hepatic Panel
Understand the pathophysiology of the thyroid gland
plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body. produce T3 & T4 & calcitonin.
TSH
What is hyperthyroidism
Increase thyroid
Common cause is Grave’s (autoimmune disease)
Risk Factor of Hyperthyroidism
Women 8x more common than men
Family Hx of Graves
Increased Iodine Intake
Smoking
What is hypothyroidism?
underactive thyroid
HYPO- Low t3 and t4 and high TSH
What is a goiter?
a swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland
What is Hashimoto’s?
An inflammation of thyroid gland, which makes hormones that control many of the body’s functions. It causes fatigue, weight gain, puffy face and slow heartbeat.
What is a thyroid storm?
or thyroid crisis – can be a life-threatening condition. It often includes a rapid heartbeat, fever, and even fainting
What is Graves’ disease?
an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism)
When would you see Myxedema Coma?
life threatening condition caused when the level of thyroid hormones become very low (hypothyroidism)
Common Causes of Hypothyroidism?
Age- related Differences?
