Metabolism

Question 1

What is Metabolism?

Answer 1

complex system of chemical reactions occurring the body’s cell. Necessary for producing energy, repair cells and sustain life

Question 2

Endocrine Control

Answer 2

Endocrine system is responsible for metabolism
Signals sent to the brain —— then to the hypothalamus—— then to the pituitary—-then the pituitary send hormones out to specific tissues in the body
Example - Reproductive hormones target ovaries
Blood sugar targets pancreas tissue

Question 3

What is the endocrine gland?

Answer 3

specialized cells, tissue or an organ that secrete hormone directly into the blood stream

Question 4

What is an exocrine gland?

Answer 4

secrete other fluids such as sweat, saliva, mammary, Bartholin glands
DON’T SECRETE HORMONES.

Question 5

Hormone Regulation

Answer 5

the hormone produced and secreted by hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes and pancreas

Question 6

What do endocrine gland produce?

Answer 6

They produce hormones in response to certain level of substances like “ sodium, sugar or sex” hormones

Question 7

Risk Factors

Answer 7

Surgery 
Tumors 
Radiation
Stress 
Trauma 
Sedentary lifestyle 
Ethnicity 
Family Hx 
Chronic medical conditions

Question 8

Results of Impaired Endocrine Control

Answer 8

Growth problems, vision, sleep or appetite disturbances

Question 9

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

Answer 9

A- alcohol 
C- Steroids
C- calcium low 
E- Estrogen low 
S- smoking 
S- Sedentary

Question 10

Causes of Osteoporosis

Answer 10

Menopause (estrogen deficiency)
Low vitamin D and Calcium levels
**Common older white females

Question 11

Clinical Manifestation of Osteoporosis

Answer 11

Loss of height 
Curvature of spine 
Low back pain 
Fractures 
Some have no S&S

Question 12

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)

Answer 12

reduce the risk of osteoporosis by preserving bone mineral density without estrogenic effects on the uterus
SE- hot flashes, leg cramps, stroke, DVT, Clots
Increase vitamin D & calcium and monitor bone density

Question 13

Osteoporosis Management

Answer 13

Pt develops appropriate exercise plan 
Diet management- calcium rich foods 
Safety Risk Assessment - Dexa Scan (Bone density)  
Pain Management Meds 
Warms Baths 
Heating Pads

Question 14

What are specific blood tests for osteoporosis?

Answer 14

Serum Calcium Levels

Bone Density Test

Question 15

What pharmacologic therapy is most often used? And what do they do for Osteoporosis?

Answer 15

Calcium gluconate-used to treat low ca+ levels for people who do not get enough ca+ in diet
Bisphosphonates- prevent the loss of bone density

Question 16

What is the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and how does that make it a metabolic disorder?

Answer 16

bone strength weakens and is susceptible to fracture. It is a metabolic disorder because of skeletal fragility and susceptibility to fracture attributed to reduction of bone mass and deterioration of bone

Question 17

What is Liver Disease?

Answer 17

inflammation of the liver leading to scarring and irreversible damage over time leading to end stage liver disease

Question 18

Risk factor of Liver Disease

Answer 18

High risk behaviors - sex, drugs, alcohol, Hep A, B, C
High cholesterol diet/ poor nutrition
Sedentary lifestyles
Chronic health conditions

Question 19

Clinical Manifestation of Liver Disease

Answer 19

Edema 
Ascites
Bleeding Issues/ Vomiting Blood 
Brusing 
esophageal varices
Gastritis
Jaundice/ Itchy Skin

Question 20

Prevention of Liver Disease

Answer 20

Avoid Alcohol 
Improved Nutrition
Lifestyle Changes
Avoid hepatoxic drugs (NSAID) 
Maintain Skin Integrity 
Paracentesis- to relieve fluid in abdomen
Minimize risk of bleeding 
Maintain I&O 
Daily weight 
Promote Safety and Cognition

Question 21

What is ascites and what procedure is used to relieve it?

Answer 21

Ascites is fluid in the third spacing of abdomen a paracentesis is used to drain fluid from the abdomen

Question 22

Know the specific liver function tests and other ways liver disease is diagnosed.

Answer 22

CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Biopsy

Blood test - Bilirubin, Albumin, Hepatic Panel

Question 23

Understand the pathophysiology of the thyroid gland

Answer 23

plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body. produce T3 & T4 & calcitonin.
TSH

Question 24

What is hyperthyroidism

Answer 24

Increase thyroid

Common cause is Grave’s (autoimmune disease)

Question 25

Risk Factor of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 25

Women 8x more common than men
Family Hx of Graves
Increased Iodine Intake
Smoking

Question 26

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 26

underactive thyroid

HYPO- Low t3 and t4 and high TSH

Question 27

What is a goiter?

Answer 27

a swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 28

What is Hashimoto’s?

Answer 28

An inflammation of thyroid gland, which makes hormones that control many of the body’s functions. It causes fatigue, weight gain, puffy face and slow heartbeat.

Question 29

What is a thyroid storm?

Answer 29

or thyroid crisis – can be a life-threatening condition. It often includes a rapid heartbeat, fever, and even fainting

Question 30

What is Graves’ disease?

Answer 30

an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism)

Question 31

When would you see Myxedema Coma?

Answer 31

life threatening condition caused when the level of thyroid hormones become very low (hypothyroidism)

Question 32

Common Causes of Hypothyroidism?

Question 33

Age- related Differences?