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Warwick block 1 cell and tissue biomedicine > Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Metabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrate metabolites used for in the body

A

energy source

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2
Q

what are Lipids metabolites used for in the body

A
  1. energy source
  2. membrane components
  3. Hormonal signalling
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3
Q

what are proteins metabolites used for in the body

A
  1. enzymatic catalysts
  2. antibodies
  3. hormonal signalling
  4. structural proteins
  5. contractile proteins
  6. gas transport
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4
Q

what are Nucleic acid metabolites used for in the body

A

information storage/transmission

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5
Q

what is the general formula of a carbohydrate

A

[C(H2O)]n

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6
Q

How long are monosaccharides

A

1 monomeric unit

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7
Q

How long are disaccharides

A

2 monomeric unit

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8
Q

How long are oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monomeric unit

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9
Q

How long are polysaccharides

A

> 10 monomeric unit

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10
Q

how are different number of carbon atoms in a monosaccharide called

A

triose (3), tetrose (4) pentose (5), hexose (6)

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11
Q

what is an isomer

A

These contain the same atoms, but bonded to each other in a different 3D arrangement

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12
Q

what are the three important trioses in the body

A

Dihydroxyacetone, L-Glyceraldehyde and D-Glyceraldehyde,

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13
Q

what are two important pentoses in the body

A

ribose and deoxyribose

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14
Q

how are trioses important in cellular respiration

A

Duringglycolysis,fructose-1,6-bisphosphateis broken down intoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphateanddihydroxyacetone phosphate.Lactic acidandpyruvic acidare later derived from these molecules

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15
Q

how are disaccharides formed

A

formed by a reaction between two mono-saccharides, which eliminates water and forms a glycosidic bond

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16
Q

what is sucrose made from

A

Glucose and fructose joined together

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17
Q

what is lactose made from

A

Glucose and galactose joined together

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18
Q

what is maltose made from

A

2x Glucose joined together

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19
Q

what is the breakdown product of starch or glycogen

A

maltose

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20
Q

what is the chemical structure of lactose

A

insert pic

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21
Q

what is the chemical structure of glucose

A

insert pic

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22
Q

what is the chemical structure of galactose

A

insert pic

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23
Q

what is the structure of starch

A

75% amylopectin

25% amylose

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24
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

branched polymer of glucose (formed by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds)

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25
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

linear polymer of glucose (formed by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds only)

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26
Q

how do we get starch in the body

A

Obtained in diet from plant sources

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27
Q

how do we get cellulose in the body

A

Obtained in diet from plant sources

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28
Q

can we digest cellulose and why

A

not digestible by humans due to lack of cellulase enzyme; linear polymer of glucose

29
Q

how do we get glycogen in the body

A

obtained in diet from animal sources

30
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

extensively branched polymer of glucose

31
Q

what is dextrin

A

Breakdown product of starch and glycogen

- branched oligomer of glucose

32
Q

what are the 4 main types of biologically important lipids

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. triglycerides
  3. cholesterol
  4. cholesterol esters
33
Q

what are fatty acids

A

hydrocarbon chains of various lengths – considered ‘long chain’ if >12C and ‘very long chain’ if >22C

34
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids

A

saturated and unsaturated

35
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

all carbon atoms are bonded to 4 different atoms

36
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids have at least one C=C double bond

37
Q

how are triglycerides made

A

glycerol + fatty acid

38
Q

what are cis/trans stereo-isomers

A

molecules with the same chemical and structural formula but due to having no rotation about the double bond, have different arrangements in space

39
Q

what is the significance of having more cis fatty acids in a membrane

A

cis fatty acids pack next to each other less closely than trans ones, so cause membranes to be more fluid

40
Q

what are 2 types of modified lipids

A

phospholipids

glycolipids

41
Q

what are phospholipids

A

consist of a phosphate group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine, which itself contains a long hydrocarbon chain

42
Q

what is a glycolipid

A

a carbohydrate element (usually an oligosaccharide) attached to one or more fatty acid chains directly or via glycerol or sphingosine

43
Q

why are phospholipids important components in cell membranes

A

the amphipathic (polar/non-polar) nature of phospholipids being integral to membrane structure

44
Q

why are glycolipids important components of cell membranes

A

glycolipids important for functioning in cell surface recognition

45
Q

what are two important ketone bodies in humans

A

acetoacetic acid and b-hydroxybutyric acid

46
Q

what are ketone bodies

A

Small (4-carbon) fatty acids formed by oxidation of fatty acids in the liver especially during fasting

47
Q

when are ketone bodies especially important

A

in fasting state/when there is low glucose - they become important energy substrates for the brain

48
Q

what happens to ketone levels in type 1 diabetes

A

, excessive formation of ketone bodies by the liver can result in dangerously high concentrations in the blood

49
Q

how is acetone produced in the body

A

Acetone is formed as a breakdown product of ketone bodies and is exhaled

50
Q

Roles of lipids

A
  1. fuels
  2. energy storage
  3. transport between tissues
  4. structural components of cell membranes
  5. chemical messengers
51
Q

what are essential Amino acids

A

AA obtained from the diet

52
Q

what are non-essential Amino Acids

A

AA synthesised endogenously

53
Q

what are the 9 essential Amino Acids

A

*Leucine Methionine
*Isoleucine Phenylalanine
*Valine Threonine
Histidine Tryptophan
Lysine

54
Q

what are the 11 non essential amino acids

A 
Alanine             Glutamine
Arginine            Glycine
Arparagine        Proline
Aspartic acid     Serine
Cysteine             Tyrosine
Glutamic acid
55
Q

what is the structure of ATP

A

insert pic

56
Q

how is ATP formed

A

ATP is synthesised from ADP (formation of a phosphosdiester bond) using energy released by oxidation

57
Q

what is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic processes and ATP

A

Anabolic processes consume ATP; catabolic processes produce ATP

58
Q

where is glucose used as an energy source

A

most tissues, obligatory for brain and RBCs

59
Q

where are fatty acids used as an energy source

A

most tissues, but minimal in neurons as a source of energy

60
Q

where are ketone bodies used as an evergy source

A

can be used by most tissues (except liver) important for the brain as a partial substitute for glucose when this is less available

61
Q

where are amino acids used as an energy source

A

not used as fuels by many cell types, but are used (particularly glutamine) in fast-dividing cells e.g. enterocytes and cancer cells

62
Q

why can excess glucose be stored as fatty acids but not vice versa

A

Fatty acids can be formed from glucose, but not vice versa

.’. glucose excess can be stored as lipid (triglycerides) but then this can only be mobilised/metabolised as fatty acid

63
Q

where is triglyceride stored

A

White adipose tissue (internal or subcutaneous) is specialised for triglyceride storage

but excess triglyceride can be stored nto ‘ectopic’ tissues (skeletal and cardiac muscle and the liver). (pathological consequences)

64
Q

where are carbohydrates (as glyogen) stored

A

limited.

  1. liver to regulate blood glucose (lasts overnight in humans)
  2. skeletal muscle for direct energy requirements
65
Q

GLUT 1 details

A

substrates = Glucose,
galactose, mannose

high affinity. ubiquitous expression.
high expression in RBC and brain

66
Q

GLUT 2 details

A

substrates = Glucose,
fructose

low affinity. in liver and pancreatic b cells
insulin sensitive

67
Q

GLUT 3 details

A

high affinity
in brain, intestine, placenta
insulin sensitive

68
Q

glut 4 details

A

substrate = glucose. mid-high affinity. in muscles and adipose tissue.
insulin sensitive

69
Q

glut 5 details

A

substrate = fructose
low affinity
in intestine
insulin sensitive

Warwick block 1 cell and tissue biomedicine (4 decks)

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