Metabolism 1 & 2

Question 1

What is the sum of all chemical reactions that can occur in a living organism?

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

What is the term used for biosynthetic pathways? Energy producing pathways?

Answer 2

Anabolic / Catabolic

Question 3

What is the energy currency of the body?

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

What does ATP derive its energy from?

Answer 4

Phosphoanhydride Bonds (resonance, repulsion, entropy)

Question 5

What is another form of energy in vivo? (hint, reducing equivalent)

Answer 5

NADH / FADH2

Question 6

As a rx. Has a more negative gibbs free energy it is?

Answer 6

More Favorable / more spontaneous

Question 7

(?:247) What organelle consumes the most oxygen in vivo?

Answer 7

Mitochondria

Question 8

Each rx. In metabolic pathway is ____________ _____ ___ _____________?

Answer 8

Catalyzed by an enzyme

Question 9

The product of one rx. In a pathway is the _______ for the next rx. In the same pathway.

Answer 9

Substrate

Question 10

T or F: pathways can be reversible

Answer 10

F, but some individual steps may be

Question 11

What is the first irreversible step in a pathway called?

Answer 11

Rate Limiting Step

Question 12

What is the first irreversible step in a pathway called?

Answer 12

Commitment Step

Question 13

What are two ways to control pathways?

Answer 13

Regulate enzymatic activity, or amount of enzyme, or both

Question 14

As the energy charge increase what also increases?

Answer 14

ATP Utilization Pathways

Question 15

What are the three stages of metabolism?

Answer 15

Breakdown of macromolecules to monomers; oxidation of monomers to acetylCoa with limited ATP formation; complete aerobic oxidation of Acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and water (he means glycolysis here followed by TCA, in turn with pyruvate DH complex catalyzation followed by ETC in the end for ox phosphorylation)

Question 16

What are the two reducing equivalents used most frequently in glycolysis/TCA for energy production (hint: has adenine as part of structure)

Answer 16

NADH, FADH2

Question 17

What do the molecules (NADH FADH2) contribute to across the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 17

Electrochemical gradient

Question 18

T or F: A positive dE yields a nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 18

F, Recall: dG=-nJE

Question 19

What pathway is used to make ethanol via bacteria?

Answer 19

Fermentation, via alcohol dehydrogenase, etc.

Question 20

What does lack of NADH in glycolysis produce?

Answer 20

Lactic Acid

Question 21

Does most of our energy come from glycolysis?

Answer 21

No, from TCA/ETC

Question 22

What is the primary fuel for body metabolism?

Answer 22

Glucose

Question 23

What is an example of another fuel we use when glucose is not available?

Answer 23

Ketone Bodies

Question 24

What contains most of the energy stores in normal human individuals?

Answer 24

Fat, followed by protein, glycogen, and then glucose

Question 25

Name 4 anabolic pathways discussed in lecture

Answer 25

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, protein synthesis, lipogenesis

Question 26

Name 4 catabolic pathways discussed in lecture

Answer 26

Glycolysis, TCA/ETC, proteolysis, lipolysi, glycogenolysis, pentose phosphate pathway

Question 27

What is the significance of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 27

Produces pentoses needed for nucleotides and reducing equivalents to counter oxidative damage (NADPH)

Question 28

What happens in the “fed state”?

Answer 28

Storage, synthesis, oxidation

Question 29

Can RBC’s undergo oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 29

No, they have no mitochondria

Question 30

In the liver, what enzyme activates glucose to glucose-6 phosphate?

Answer 30

Hexokinase IV

Question 31

What can form to make ketone bodies?

Answer 31

Acetyl coa + acetate beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 32

Describe ATP synthesizing pathways

Answer 32

Energy released by oxidative catabolic rxns used to synthesize ATP and other high energy cmpds, which ATP utilizing rxns, including anabolic rxns

Question 33

What are processes that use ATP?

Answer 33

motion, active transport, biosynthesis, signal amplification

Question 34

How can ATP be converted to AMP?

Answer 34

2 high energy phosphates are used to form AMP and pyrophosphate yielding 2 inactive P which will drive the rxn further

Question 35

Which foodstuff will produce urea along with energy?

Answer 35

protein

Question 36

If you increase the amount of -delta G from high energy bonds thus increasing the neg kCal will push the reaction in which direction?

Answer 36

More of the rxn will lie toward the products

Question 37

T/F All pathways are linked, and all pathways are regulated

Answer 37

True

Question 38

How are the pathways linked?

Answer 38

linked through the substrates and is used WRT availability

Question 39

T/F Every step in pathways are irreversible

Answer 39

False, at least one pathway is irreversible so the pathway itself is reversible but many steps may be reversible or irreversible

Question 40

How are all pathways controlled?

Answer 40

the slowest step which is the rate limiting step that is usually a REGULATORY ENZYME and IRREVERSIBLE

Question 41

What are the types of metabolic pathways? Describe each of them

Answer 41

Linear=> one substrate -> one product
Branched=> multiple products
Cyclic pathways => pathways starts and ends with same cmpd (molecules enter/leave cycle)
Cascade/amplification pathways => signal transduction, blood clotting

Question 42

What are 2 ways in which the enzymes and metabolic pathways are regulated or controlled?

Answer 42

allosteric control / feedback inhibition (bind to sites other than active sites)

Reversible covalent modification (phosphorylation)

Question 43

What gives each tissue its own unique metabolism?

Answer 43

regulating proteins will cause use of different sets of functional proteins

Question 44

What are regulators that recognize how much energy change is present within the cell?

Answer 44

ATP and AMP levels (ATP generating=> catabolic) (ATP-utilizing=>anabolic)

More energy change then more ATP used