Metabolic transformation the logic of biological reaction sequences Flashcards
explain oxidation-reduction reaction
when bonds to hydrogen are introduced at carbon, the carbon is reduced. When bonds to oxygen are added to carbon the carbon is being oxidised
This reaction is reversible
explain elimination-addition
the nucleophile/leaving group always enters/leaves at the position b to the carbonyl group
An electron-rich species is a nucleophile (nucleus loving), meaning it seeks a region of low electron density.A low-electron-density species an electrophile (electron loving),meaning it seeks a region of high electron density
explain an Aldol reaction
when the product is both an alcohol and aldehyde
explain decarboxylation
removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide. Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain
explain phosphoryl transfer
where an ATP molecule dumps a phosphoryl group onto an alcohol or vice versa
Glucose is neutral and has entered the cell through a nonpolar cell membrane; so how are we going to make sure it does not drift back out?
We are going to make ita charged polar species which will not be able to pass back through the nonpolar cell membrane
what is a method we can use to charge glucose
add a phosphate group to an alcohol using phosphoryl transfer reaction
Glucose is neutral and has entered the cell through a nonpolar cell membrane; so how are we going to make sure it does not drift back out?
e are going to make ita charged polar species that will not be able to pass back through the nonpolar cell membrane
what is a carbonyl group
a chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
what is an aldehyde
any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with another atom or group of atoms
what is a ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone is a functional group with the structure R−C−R’, where R and R’ can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents.
tautomerism
the existence of two or more chemical compounds that are capable of facile interconversion, in many cases merely exchanging a hydrogen atom between two other atoms, to either of which it forms a covalent bond.
