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EDKP 395 - Exercise Physiology > Metabolic System: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins > Flashcards

Metabolic System: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogenesis VS Glycogenolysis VS Gluconeogenesis

A

Glycogenesis: Glycogen synthesis
GlYcogenolysis: Glycogen separation
Gluconeogenesis: Glucose synthesis

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2
Q

Name the steps of Glycogenesis

A

1) Glucose uptake by GLUT 2 (liver) or 4 (muscle)
2) Conversion glucose to G6P by hexokinase using ATP as phosphate donor
3)Isomerization to G1P by phosphoglucomutase transferring phosphate group from carbon 6 to 1
4) Activation of glucose for glycogen synthesis by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
5)Glycogen elongation by glucose synthase

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3
Q

Name the steps of gluconeogenesis

A

1)Substrates (lactate to pyruvate)
2)Conversion of pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
*pyruvate into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase
*PEPCK converts oxaloacetate into PEP
3)PEP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
4)Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glucose

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4
Q

Why is there a variety of enzymatic processes are used in step 3 of gluconeogenesis?

A

A variety of enzymatic processes are used to convert PEP to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, avoiding the irreversible events of glycolysis
*PEP is converted into 2 phosphoglycerate
*then into 3 phosphoglycerate
*eventually to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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5
Q

When can the circulation receive glucose from gluconeogensis

A

*Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase must first remove the phosphate group from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: To produce fructose-6-phosphate
*enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate

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6
Q

Why is the second step glycogenesis important to glycogen elongation?

A

The conversion of glucose into G6P traps the glucose within the cell & makes it more reactive for further metabolic processes

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7
Q

Why is the fourth step of glycogenesis important for glycogen elongation?

A

The activation of glucose ensures that glucose is energetically favorable for incorporation into glycogen

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8
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for glucose activation? How does it influence reaction?

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, this step ensures that glucose is energetically favorable for incorporation into glycogen

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9
Q

What is the key regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis? How does it influence glycogen elongation?

A

Glycogen synthase
* It adds glucose units to the growing glycogen molecule by utilizing UDP-glucose as the substrate & by forming an alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond between the glucose molecules

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10
Q

Role of carbohydrates in the
body

A

1) Carbohydrates primarily serve as an energy fuel,
particularly during intense physical activity/exercise
• When glycogen stores are limited, excess sugar is converted and
stored as fat
2) Protein-sparer
• Adequate carbohydrate intake helps preserve tissue protein.
3) Prevents ketosis
• Adequate carbohydrate intake prevents the need for utilizing
ketones as fuel
4) Fuel for the central nervous system
• The nervous system requires an uninterrupted stream of
carbohydrates for proper function

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11
Q

CHO Storage location & quantity in grams & kcal

A

Liver (glycogen): ~100g/400kcal
Blood (glucose): ~4g(0.9g/L)/16kcal
Muscle (glycogen): ~400g/1600kcal

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12
Q

What is the total amount of CHO in the body? Where is it coming from?

A

TOTAL CHO ~504 g
(2016 kcal)

Liver (glycogen): ~100g/400kcal
Blood (glucose): ~4g(0.9g/L)/16kcal
Muscle (glycogen): ~400g/1600kcal

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13
Q

Differences btw CHO (types), give examples

A

-Monosaccharides: Glucose (C6H12O6)
-Oligosaccharides/dissacharides:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose), Lactose (glucose+galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose)
-Polysaccharides: Starch – cereals, seeds, corn, pasta, and pastries

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14
Q

Define complex CHO

A

Complex carbohydrate
dietary starch representing the most important dietary source of carbohydrate in the diet

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15
Q

Define glycogen

A

the storage carbohydrate within mammalian muscle and liver

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16
Q

Role of hormones in CHO production

A

key role in regulating liver and muscle glycogen stores by controlling blood glucose levels
• β cells of the pancreas
secrete additional insulin in
response to elevated blood
glucose
• When blood glucose falls
below normal, α cells of the
pancreas secrete glucagon
to normalize blood glucose
concentration.

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17
Q

What hormones know as the ‘Insulin agonist’ hormone? What’s its role? What cells of the liver secrete it?

A

??

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18
Q

What is the predominant CHO E source during the early stages of exercise?

A

during the early stages of exercise muscle glycogen is
the predominant CHO energy source

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19
Q

How much E does blood glucose supply out of total E for active muscles during high intensity exercise (75%-90% of VO2 max)?

A

75%-90% of VO2 max – blood glucose may supply up to 30% of total energy for active muscles

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20
Q

How much does liver glycogen storage decrease in 1h of intense exercise? 2h?

A

One hour of intense exercise, ↓ liver glycogen ~55%; 2 hours almost depletes the glycogen stores of the liver and active muscles.

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21
Q

True or false
glycogen stored in active muscle supplies almost all energy in the initial transition from rest to moderate exercise

A

True
50%-60% and 25-30% of VO2 max – glycogen stored in active muscle supplies almost all energy in the initial transition from rest to moderate exercise.

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22
Q

During low intensity (prolonged exercise), what is the primary energy substrate?

A

FAT

As muscle glycogen ↓ and the livers glucose output fails to keep pace with glucose
use by muscle, plasma glucose concentrations ↓ and free fatty acids (FFA) take over.

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23
Q

Q: What are the three main groups of lipids?

A

1) Simple lipids, 2) Compound lipids, 3) Derived lipids.

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24
Q

What are simple lipids primarily composed of?

A

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) formed by glycerol acylated by three fatty acids

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25
Q

What is the major storage form of fat in adipocytes?

A

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

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26
Q

Give an example of a compound lipid.

A

Phospholipids (present in all cells) and lipoproteins (major avenue for transporting lipids in blood)

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27
Q

What do compound lipids consist of?

A

Triacylglycerol components combined with other chemicals, representing about 10% of the body’s total fat content.

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28
Q

What composes the hydrophilic head of compound lipids?

A

Phosphate + Glycerol

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29
Q

What are derived lipids?

A

Lipids formed by simple and compound lipids, e.g., cholesterol

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30
Q

What composes the hydrophobic tails of compound lipids?

A

Saturated fatty acid & unsaturated fatty acid

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31
Q

What defines saturated fatty acids?

A

They contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms; all remaining bonds attach to hydrogen

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32
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds along the main carbon chain

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33
Q

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?Are they healthy or unhealthy fats?

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Generally speaking, these are the healthier fats

34
Q

What are trans-fatty acids, and why are they concerning?

A

They derive from the partial hydrogenation of unsaturated oils and have detrimental effects on serum lipoproteins and overall heart health.

35
Q

How do lipids serve as an energy source in the body?

A

Lipids provide 80-90% of energy requirements at rest, with 1 g of lipid containing about 9 kcal of energy.

36
Q

How much energy in kcal does 1 g of protein contain?

A

1 g of pure lipid contains about 9 kcal of energy, more than twice the energy available to the body from an equal quantity of CHO or PRO

37
Q

How does fat provide thermal insulation?

A

Fat stored below the skin (subcutaneous fat) acts as insulation.

38
Q

What role do lipids play as vitamin carriers?

A

Dietary fat helps transport fat-soluble vitamins; 20 g of dietary fat daily provides sufficient transport.

39
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

The breakdown of triacylglycerols and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids and glycerol

40
Q

Define beta-oxidation

A

The catabolic process in which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA.

41
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

The production of ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.

42
Q

How do lipids compare to carbohydrates (CHO) and proteins (PRO) in terms of energy?

A

Lipids contain more than twice the energy available from an equal quantity of CHO or PRO.

43
Q

What is the main energy storage function of lipids?

A

Lipids serve as a concentrated energy reserve, providing energy during rest and prolonged activities

44
Q

What are the health implications of consuming too many trans fats?

A

Trans fats can lead to negative effects on heart health and serum lipoprotein levels

45
Q

What is the primary energy source during moderate-intensity exercise?

A

Approximately equal amounts of carbohydrates and fat supply energy

46
Q

What happens to fat catabolism during exercise lasting one hour or more?

A

Fat catabolism gradually supplies a greater percentage of energy, coinciding with glycogen depletion.

47
Q

List benefits of fat oxidation during endurance exercise.

A

*Sustains energy supply
*Preserves glycogen
*Prolongs performance
*Enhances endurance efficiency
*Reduces risk of fatigue

48
Q

How does fat oxidation affect glycogen stores during exercise?

A

It preserves glycogen stores.

49
Q

What effect does fat oxidation have on athletic performance?

A

It prolongs performance and enhances endurance efficiency

50
Q

How does utilizing fat for energy impact fatigue during exercise?

A

It reduces the risk of fatigue.

51
Q

Why is it beneficial to rely more on fat as exercise duration increases?

A

It helps sustain energy supply as glycogen stores deplete.

52
Q

What is the relationship between exercise duration and fat oxidation?

A

As exercise duration increases, fat oxidation becomes a more significant energy source

53
Q

How does the body’s energy supply shift during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise?

A

The body shifts to utilizing more fat as glycogen levels decrease.

54
Q

What role does fat catabolism play in endurance sports?

A

It supports prolonged energy needs, preserves glycogen, and improves endurance efficiency.

55
Q

Q: What are amino acids?

A

A: Building blocks of proteins; over 500 found in nature, but only 20 make up proteins in the human body.

56
Q

Q: What type of bond links amino acids together?

A

A: Peptide bonds link amino acids in chains that take on diverse forms and chemical combination

57
Q

Q: What is a dipeptide?

A

A chain of two amino acids linked by a peptide bond.

58
Q

Q: Define polypeptide.

A

A: A chain containing 50 to more than 1000 amino acids.

59
Q

Q: How many amino acids make up a protein?

A

A: A combination of more than 50 amino acids.

60
Q

What are the different groups present in an amino acid?

A

-Amino group
-Carbon (+h)
-Side chain (R)
-Carboxyl group

61
Q

Which group contained in an amino acid determines the amino acid? Why?

A

The side chain since it changes for every amino acid

62
Q

Q: What are essential amino acids?

A

A: Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through food
*eight for adults
*nine for children & some older adults.

63
Q

Q: What are non-essential amino acids?

A

A: Amino acids that the body can synthesize from other compounds already in the body at a rate that meets the body’s needs for normal growth and tissue repair

64
Q

Q: Define complete proteins.

A

A: Proteins that include a full complement of all essential amino acids in the correct ratio for tissue growth and repair

65
Q

Where do complete proteins typically come from?

A

Typically coming from animal sources

66
Q

Q: What are incomplete proteins?

A

A: Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids

67
Q

Where do incomplete proteins typically come from?

A

usually from plant sources

68
Q

Q: List one role of proteins in the body.

A

1)Synthesize tissue -repair and growth
2)Serve as primary constituents for plasma membranes and internal cellular material
3)Catalyze virtually all chemical reactions in the body
4)Regulate gene expression
5)Regulate the immune system
6)Initiate cellular death

69
Q

Q: How do proteins contribute to plasma membranes?

A

A: They serve as primary constituents for plasma membranes and internal cellular material.

70
Q

Q: What role do proteins play in chemical reactions?

A

A: They catalyze virtually all chemical reactions in the body.

71
Q

Q: What is deamination?

A

A: The loss of nitrogen (amine group) from an amino acid in the liver to form urea.

72
Q

Define transamination

A

The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid and a new keto acid.

73
Q

Q: What does protein turnover refer to?

A

A: The replacement of older proteins as they are broken down within the cell.

74
Q

Q: Why are essential amino acids important for athletes?

A

A: They are crucial for muscle repair and growth, which is vital for athletic performance.

75
Q

Q: What two variables regulate muscle protein balance?

A

Muscle protein balance is regulated by 2 dynamic variables: Synthesis and breakdown

76
Q

Q: What factors can influence muscle protein synthesis?

A

A: Diet and exercise.

77
Q

Q: How is net protein balance (NPB) calculated?

A

MPS - MPB = NPB.

78
Q

Q: At what rate do muscle proteins turnover per day?

A

A: 1-2% per day

*while liver 5-7% (quicker)

79
Q

Q: How significant is protein use as energy during exercise?

A

Minimal

80
Q

Q: When is the highest level of protein used as energy during exercise?

A

A: During a glycogen-depleted state

81
Q

Q: What role does protein intake play in muscle protein synthesis?

A

A: Adequate protein intake is essential to promote muscle protein synthesis and maintain a positive protein balance.

EDKP 395 - Exercise Physiology (5 decks)

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