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Exercise Biochemistry > Metabolic Responses to Sprint Exercises > Flashcards

Metabolic Responses to Sprint Exercises Flashcards

1
Q

What is a observed where performance can be measured and appropriately compared through historical time?

A

A clear and steady progression in performance.

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2
Q

Define exercise intensity?

A

The rate of power production relative to the functional capacity of the individual.

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3
Q

Define exercise duration?

A

The duration for which a particular exercise intensity is sustained.

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4
Q

Give the exercise intensity domains?

A

Moderate, heavy, very-heavy, severe.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of moderate intensity exercise?

A

No sustained increase in arterial blood lactate and a tolerable duration >3 hours.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of heavy intensity exercise?

A

Sustained increase in arterial blood lactate that comes to a steady state and a tolerable duration of ~1-3 hours.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of very-heavy intensity exercise?

A

Progressive increase in arterial blood lactate throughout and a tolerable duration of ~2-60 minutes.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of severe intensity exercise?

A

Rapid muscle fatigue, limited by the VO2max and a tolerable duration of

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9
Q

What does heterogenous mean in terms of muscles?

A

Made of fibres with different metabolic, physical and anatomical properties.

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10
Q

Which muscle fibre types are small in size?

A

Type 1

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11
Q

Which muscle fibre types are large in size?

A

Type 2x

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12
Q

Which muscle fibre types are highly resistant to fatigue?

A

Type 1

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13
Q

Which muscle fibre types are the most power and force producing?

A

Type 2x

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14
Q

Which muscle fibre types contract rapidly

A

Type 1, 2x and 2a

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15
Q

Which muscle fibre type is most mitochondrial dense?

A

Type 1

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16
Q

Which muscle fibre type is highly oxidative?

A

Type 1

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17
Q

Which muscle fibre type is highly glycolytic?

A

Type 2x

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18
Q

What is the fibre recruitment profile?

A

The orderly hierarchy of motor unit recruitment from type 1, to type 2a, to type 2x.

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19
Q

Is the relationship between fibre type and metabolic properties fixed?

A

No.

20
Q

What does the relationship between fibre type and metabolic properties depend on?

A

Response to and type of training.

21
Q

In skeletal muscles what is the [ATP] 5-8mmol/kg enough for?

A

8 maximal contractions or ~2-3 seconds.

22
Q

During sprint exercise from what sources is ATP largely from?

A

Anaerobic: stored ATP, PCr breakdown and glycolysis.

23
Q

What is cross talk of energy providing pathways?

A

The contribution of energy derived from alternative pathways integrating.

24
Q

What are the relative contributions of each energy providing pathways dependent on?

A

Fibre type; type 1 has a slow decrease in [ATP] whereas type 2x has a large decrease which is protected and maintained.

25
Q

From high to low, list the storage of carbohydrates, glycogen and fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids> carbohydrates> glycogen> PCr

26
Q

What are the fastest routes to provide energy?

A

Stored ATP and PCr.

27
Q

From high to low, list the maximum flux of carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycolysis and PCr?

A

PCr> glycolysis> carbohydrates> fatty acids.

28
Q

What enzyme breaks down PCr?

A

Creatine Kinase

29
Q

What is a quality of creatine kinase?

A

It is near-equilibrium and has the fastest rate of all other enzymes in the muscle.

30
Q

What does PCr breakdown buffer?

A

ADP accumulation

31
Q

What is thought to be a major cause of muscle fatigue?

A

Inorganic Phosphate

32
Q

How was inorganic phosphate found to be a major cause of muscle fatigue?

A

Using genetically mutated mice with no creatine kinase activity; showed lower absolute force but better maintenance of force due to lack of Pi formation.

33
Q

What do high rates of ADP accumulation cause?

A

Slower rates of muscle relaxation which can dramatically inhibit muscle power.

34
Q

What is excellent at buffering ADP accumulation?

A

The Lowman reaction

35
Q

What does MR spectroscopy show sprint to contribute to?

A

And alkalosis rather than an acidosis.

36
Q

What is MMCK?

A

Mechanical machinery creatine kinase

37
Q

Where is MMCK expressed?

A

In the cytosol

38
Q

Where is mitochondrial CK co-localised to?

A

The adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT)

39
Q

What rae MMCK and MiCK required for?

A

Maintenance of the creatine-phosphorcreatine shuffle to communicate between the mitochondrial and myofibril.

40
Q

What is there close communication between in type 1 and type 2 muscle fibres?

A

Type 1: PCr and oxidative phosphorylation

Type 2: Glycoslyis and PCr

41
Q

What two types of buffers is PCr?

A

A temporal energy buffer, providing rapid ATP provision during sprint exercise when ATP storage is challenged, and a spatial energy buffer, a signalling molecule to communicate with other cellular compartments to increase the rate of ATP production.

42
Q

What two reactions buffer cytosolic [ATP] during severe intensity exercise?

A

Adenylate kinase and AMP deaminase

43
Q

What does AMP accumulation play an important role in stimulating?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase and PFK

44
Q

When is AMP deaminase inhibited?

A

When [ATP] is high

45
Q

What is IMP an allosteric activator of?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

46
Q

What do type 2 muscle fibre have greater of?

A

[PCr], glycogen content, glycogen phosphorylase activity, AMP deaminase activity, a-glycerophosphate shuttle expression.

47
Q

Is glycolytic flux dependent on the oxygen availability in type 2 muscle fibres?

A

No, but in type 1 it is.

Exercise Biochemistry (5 decks)

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