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Biology > Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Carries materials through cell & aids in making proteins

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2
Q

• Cell Membrane

A

Controls movement in/out of cell

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3
Q

• Golgi Body

A

Processes, sorts, delivers proteins

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4
Q

• Mitochondria

A

converts organic material into energy

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5
Q

• Mitochondrial DNA

A

descendants of old prokaryotes in cell= have own DNA

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6
Q

• Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Bacteria turned into chloroplast

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7
Q

• Leber’s Syndrome

A

Genetic (mitochondria DNA) disorder that can cause blindness in some, but only minor vision loss in others

-ammino acid in protein in ETC changed-> less effective= affects cells with high ATP demand (i.e. eyes)-> weaken/die

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8
Q

• Cytoplasm

A

Supports and protects organelles

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9
Q

• Nucleus-

A

controls chem. Rx, stores info for mitosis

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10
Q

• Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosome

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11
Q

• Chromosome

A

contains genetic information

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12
Q

• Ribosome

A

builds protein

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13
Q

• Cytoskeleton & Microtules

A

maintains cell structure

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14
Q

• Lysosome-

A
  • Digest macromolecules
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15
Q

Peroxisome-

A

rids cell of toxins

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16
Q

• Chloroplast

A

conducts photosynthesis

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17
Q

• Vacuole-

A

Secretory, excretory, storage functions

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18
Q

• Cell wall-

A

protects cell interior

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19
Q

• Prokaryotic Cell

A

Simple cell with circular DNA, small and simple ribosomes, and no organelles or nucleus.

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20
Q

• Eukaryotic Cell-

A

Complex cell with nucleus, linear DNA, large and complex ribosomes, and other organelles

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21
Q

o Glycoprotein-

A

Oligosaccharide (few sugars)

  • attatched to membrane protein
  • Functions- Cell recognition of immune cells, hormone receptors
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22
Q

o Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Polar heads (Phosphate) face out, non polar tails (Fatty Acids) face in

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23
Q

o Integral Protein

A
  • Usually spans width of bilayer, slides laterally
    • Moves things in/out of cell (channels,pumps)
  • Acts as enzyme (i.e. ATP Synthase)
  • Receptors (Hormone receptors)
  • Anchors (attaches to cytoskeleton)
  • Cell recognition (ID)
  • Intercellular joinings (join cells together)
24
Q

o Cholesterol

A
  • anchors phospholipids in place, reduces fluidity (OH group anchors phosphohead on one, NP chain anchors FA on another)
    • prevents crystallization of FA at low temp.
25
Q

o Concentration Gradient

A

difference in concentration b/w 2 areas

26
Q

o Passive Transport

A
  • no energy required (Diffusion)
    • Greater [] gradient, shorter distance, larger SA, higher temp= greater diffusion rate
    • Simple Diffusion
    • Facilitated Diffusion- carrier protein carries solute across membrane
    • Osmosis- diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane
27
Q

• Isotonic solution

A
  • [water] outside cell= [water] inside cell

- equal water moves in/out of cell

28
Q

• Hypotonic solution

A
  • more water outside cell

- Water moves into cell, cell swells

29
Q

• Hypertonic solution

A
  • more water inside cell

- water moves out of cell, cell shrivels

30
Q

o Active Transport

A

energy required (low [] to high [])

31
Q

o Bulk Transport

A
  • movement of large quantities in/out of cell (i.e proteins)
  • requires energy
  • Exocytosis- Exit cell
  • Endocytosis- enter cell
32
Q

Phagocytosis-

A

“cell eating”, membrane extends/surrounds molecule/cell & forms vesicle

33
Q

• Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”, cell pinches in and forms vesicle

34
Q

• Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A
  • molecule binds to receptor site on “pit”, pit deepens and forms vesicle
    • Inside of pit coated in protein clathrin
35
Q

o Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • genetic disease
  • Normally CFTR protein lets chloride ions leave mucus producing cells, taking water with it, resulting in thinner mucus
  • CFTR protein doesn’t allow chloride out of mucus producing cells. Therefore thick mucus blocks lungs and digestive system= hard to breathe, can’t digest.
    • Mucus rich source of nutrients for bacteria= frequent infections
36
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

o C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP

o Produces ATP for chem, mechanical, transport work

37
Q

o Subtrate-level phosphorylation-

A

ATP formed directly

38
Q

o Oxidative phosphoylation-

A
  • ATP formed indirectly from high energy molecules
39
Q

• Aerobic

A

Oxygen present. Most efficient (36 ATP)

40
Q

• Glycolysis

A
  • 2 ATP used, 4 ATP, 2 NADH made
    • Forms 2x 3C pyruvate
    • In cytoplasm
41
Q

• Trans Rx

A
  • Pyruvate joins with CoA-> Acetyl-CoA (2 x 2C)
    • 2 CO2, 2 NADH made
    • In matrix
42
Q

• Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A
  • CoA comes off - join with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6C) (cycle)
  • 5 C at Ketoglutarate, 4 C at Succinyl-CoA
  • Makes 2 ATP (GDP->GTP->ATP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
  • All C from glucose gone
43
Q

• ETC & Chemiosmosis

A
  • 1 NADH-> 6 H+-> 3 ATP
  • 1 FADH2-> 4 H+ -> 2 ATP
  • NADH Reductase-> Coenzyme Q-> Cytochrome B/C1 ->Cytochrome C -> Cytochrome C oxidase -> ATP Synthase
  • Energy to pump 2 H+ across inner membrane into inter membrane space as e- pass. Builds electrochem gradient
  • e- leaves cytochrome C oxidase with oxygen and H+, forming water. MUST HAVE OXYGEN TO LEAVE OTHERWISE ETC IS BLOCKED
  • 2 H+ re-enters matrxi via ATP synthase-> 1 ATP formed
  • NADH from glycolysis-> FADH2 b/c NADH can’t cross mitochondria membrane
  • 8 NADH, 4 FADH2 used, 32 ATP made
44
Q

• Anaerobic

A
  • No oxygen present

- inefficient, only done when necessary (2 ATP made) or by prokaryotes/ simple eukaryotes with no mitochondria

45
Q

• Lactic Acid Fementation

A
  • Glucose- Pyruvate (Glycolysis)-> Lactate
    • Uses 2 NADH
    • Done by eukaryotes (humans)
46
Q

• Ethanol Fermentation

A
  • Glucose- Pyruvate (Glycolysis)-> Ethanol
  • Uses 2 NADH, releases 2 CO2
  • Done by prokaryotes (bacteria)
47
Q

• Other Metabolic Pathways

A

• Proteins- become amino acids

  • a.a. a. go through deamination (removes NH3 group).
  • Alanine-> pyruvic acid-> pyruvate
  • Aspartic acid-> oxaloacetate
  • Glutamate-> ketoglutamate

• Fats- Undergo beta-oxidation (breaks down FA into acetate & combine with CoA). Becomes Acetyl-CoA
- Glycerol becomes G3P

  • Hormones- become succinate
  • Cholesterol- becomes Acetyl-CoA
  • Nucleic Acids- Glutamate-> Ketoglutamate
48
Q

o Chlorophyll

A
  • green pigment that absorbs light and begins photosynthesis
    o Porphyrin Ring- Part of chloryphyll
    -Mg atom surrounded by hydrocarbon ring
    -Contains electrons that absorb light energy

o Phytol Tail- Hydrophoic tail anchors chloryphyll to a membrane

49
Q

o Absorption Spectrum

A

graph illustrating wavelengths of light absorbed by pigment

50
Q

o Accessory pigments

A

pigments that work with chloryphyll a to absorb photons that chloryphyll a can’t i.e chloryphyll b, carotenoids

51
Q

o Chromatography

A

a way of separating a mixture of pigments

52
Q

• Non-Cyclic Light Rx

A
  • Light hits PSII (680), excites electrons from chlorophyll a, electrons passed on to primary electron acceptor (PQ-piastoquinone) -Z protein splits water into oxyegn, H+, electrons. H+ builds electrochem gradient, electrons replace ones lost in PSII
  • PQ transfers 2 H+ across thylakoid membrane. Electrochem gradient builds
  • At the same time, light strikes PSI. Electrons release. Replaced by electrons from PC (plastocyanin)
  • Electrons move to Fd (ferrodoxin) and FNR (NADP reductase). NADPH produced
  • ATP Synthase makes ATP (4 H+ = 1 ATP
  • PSII->PQ->Cytochrom B6f->Pc->PSI->FD->FNR-> ATP synthase
  • Done by plants and algae
  • Uses pigments a,d,phycobilins
53
Q

o Cyclic Light Rx

A
  • Light strikes PSI (700), electrons travel from rx center to FD, Cytochrome b6f (pumps hydrogen across membrane)
  • electrons passed to Pc, returns to PSI, cycle repeats
  • Proton electochem gradient used to make ATP via ATP Synthase
  • PSI->FD->Cytochrom B6f->Pc->Repeats
  • Used by bacteria and plants
  • Uses pigments a,b,carotenoid,xanthophylls,anthocyanins
54
Q

o Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)-

A
  • Occurs in stroma
    o Phase 1 (Carbon Fixation)- RuBP and CO2 join to form 2 PGA (catalyzed by enzyme Rubisco

o Phase II (Reduction)- PGA-> BPG via ATP breakdown BPG-> G3P via NADPH breakdown

  • 6 ATP used
  • 6 G3P forms, 1 leaves

o Phase III (Regeneration of RuBP)- 5 G3P-> 3 RuBP
-Uses 3 ATP

55
Q

o Photorespiration

A
  • Rubisco binds both oxygen and CO2. Increased temp= more O2
    • turns oxygen into Co2 (like cell resp)
    • C4 Cycle- CO2 enters stomato, diffuses into mesophyll cell (No Rubisco). PEP Carboxolase (only binds CO2) fixed carbon dioxide to oxaloacete->malate/aspartate (transported to bundle sheath cell)-> CO2-> G3P
  • Bundle sheath cells are deep in leaf (hard for oxygen to reach), have thylakoids with reduced PSII (keeps O2 low).
  • CAM Plants- Intake CO2 at night (prevents water loss)->Oxaloacetic acid->malice acid->CO2->G3P

Biology (3 decks)

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