Metabolic Processes Flashcards

Question

o Concentration Gradient

Answer 1

difference in concentration b/w 2 areas

Answer 2

- no energy required (Diffusion) • Greater [] gradient, shorter distance, larger SA, higher temp= greater diffusion rate • Simple Diffusion • Facilitated Diffusion- carrier protein carries solute across membrane • Osmosis- diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane

Answer 3

- [water] outside cell= [water] inside cell | - equal water moves in/out of cell

Answer 4

- more water outside cell | - Water moves into cell, cell swells

Answer 5

- more water inside cell | - water moves out of cell, cell shrivels

Answer 6

energy required (low [] to high [])

Answer 7

- movement of large quantities in/out of cell (i.e proteins) - requires energy - Exocytosis- Exit cell - Endocytosis- enter cell

Answer 8

“cell eating”, membrane extends/surrounds molecule/cell & forms vesicle

Answer 9

“cell drinking”, cell pinches in and forms vesicle

Answer 10

- molecule binds to receptor site on “pit”, pit deepens and forms vesicle - Inside of pit coated in protein clathrin

Answer 11

- genetic disease - Normally CFTR protein lets chloride ions leave mucus producing cells, taking water with it, resulting in thinner mucus - CFTR protein doesn’t allow chloride out of mucus producing cells. Therefore thick mucus blocks lungs and digestive system= hard to breathe, can’t digest. - Mucus rich source of nutrients for bacteria= frequent infections

Answer 12

o C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP | o Produces ATP for chem, mechanical, transport work

Answer 13

ATP formed directly

Answer 14

- ATP formed indirectly from high energy molecules

Answer 15

Oxygen present. Most efficient (36 ATP)

Answer 16

- 2 ATP used, 4 ATP, 2 NADH made - Forms 2x 3C pyruvate - In cytoplasm

Answer 17

- Pyruvate joins with CoA-> Acetyl-CoA (2 x 2C) - 2 CO2, 2 NADH made - In matrix

Answer 18

- CoA comes off - join with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6C) (cycle) - 5 C at Ketoglutarate, 4 C at Succinyl-CoA - Makes 2 ATP (GDP->GTP->ATP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 - All C from glucose gone

Answer 19

- 1 NADH-> 6 H+-> 3 ATP - 1 FADH2-> 4 H+ -> 2 ATP - NADH Reductase-> Coenzyme Q-> Cytochrome B/C1 ->Cytochrome C -> Cytochrome C oxidase -> ATP Synthase - Energy to pump 2 H+ across inner membrane into inter membrane space as e- pass. Builds electrochem gradient - e- leaves cytochrome C oxidase with oxygen and H+, forming water. MUST HAVE OXYGEN TO LEAVE OTHERWISE ETC IS BLOCKED - 2 H+ re-enters matrxi via ATP synthase-> 1 ATP formed - NADH from glycolysis-> FADH2 b/c NADH can’t cross mitochondria membrane - 8 NADH, 4 FADH2 used, 32 ATP made

Answer 20

- No oxygen present | - inefficient, only done when necessary (2 ATP made) or by prokaryotes/ simple eukaryotes with no mitochondria

Answer 21

- Glucose- Pyruvate (Glycolysis)-> Lactate - Uses 2 NADH - Done by eukaryotes (humans)

Answer 22

- Glucose- Pyruvate (Glycolysis)-> Ethanol - Uses 2 NADH, releases 2 CO2 - Done by prokaryotes (bacteria)

Answer 23

• Proteins- become amino acids - a.a. a. go through deamination (removes NH3 group). - Alanine-> pyruvic acid-> pyruvate - Aspartic acid-> oxaloacetate - Glutamate-> ketoglutamate • Fats- Undergo beta-oxidation (breaks down FA into acetate & combine with CoA). Becomes Acetyl-CoA - Glycerol becomes G3P * Hormones- become succinate * Cholesterol- becomes Acetyl-CoA * Nucleic Acids- Glutamate-> Ketoglutamate

Answer 24

- green pigment that absorbs light and begins photosynthesis o Porphyrin Ring- Part of chloryphyll -Mg atom surrounded by hydrocarbon ring -Contains electrons that absorb light energy o Phytol Tail- Hydrophoic tail anchors chloryphyll to a membrane

Answer 25

graph illustrating wavelengths of light absorbed by pigment

Answer 26

pigments that work with chloryphyll a to absorb photons that chloryphyll a can’t i.e chloryphyll b, carotenoids

Answer 27

a way of separating a mixture of pigments

Answer 28

- Light hits PSII (680), excites electrons from chlorophyll a, electrons passed on to primary electron acceptor (PQ-piastoquinone) -Z protein splits water into oxyegn, H+, electrons. H+ builds electrochem gradient, electrons replace ones lost in PSII - PQ transfers 2 H+ across thylakoid membrane. Electrochem gradient builds - At the same time, light strikes PSI. Electrons release. Replaced by electrons from PC (plastocyanin) - Electrons move to Fd (ferrodoxin) and FNR (NADP reductase). NADPH produced - ATP Synthase makes ATP (4 H+ = 1 ATP - PSII->PQ->Cytochrom B6f->Pc->PSI->FD->FNR-> ATP synthase - Done by plants and algae - Uses pigments a,d,phycobilins

Answer 29

- Light strikes PSI (700), electrons travel from rx center to FD, Cytochrome b6f (pumps hydrogen across membrane) - electrons passed to Pc, returns to PSI, cycle repeats - Proton electochem gradient used to make ATP via ATP Synthase - PSI->FD->Cytochrom B6f->Pc->Repeats - Used by bacteria and plants - Uses pigments a,b,carotenoid,xanthophylls,anthocyanins

Answer 30

- Occurs in stroma o Phase 1 (Carbon Fixation)- RuBP and CO2 join to form 2 PGA (catalyzed by enzyme Rubisco o Phase II (Reduction)- PGA-> BPG via ATP breakdown BPG-> G3P via NADPH breakdown - 6 ATP used - 6 G3P forms, 1 leaves o Phase III (Regeneration of RuBP)- 5 G3P-> 3 RuBP -Uses 3 ATP

Answer 31

- Rubisco binds both oxygen and CO2. Increased temp= more O2 - turns oxygen into Co2 (like cell resp) - C4 Cycle- CO2 enters stomato, diffuses into mesophyll cell (No Rubisco). PEP Carboxolase (only binds CO2) fixed carbon dioxide to oxaloacete->malate/aspartate (transported to bundle sheath cell)-> CO2-> G3P - Bundle sheath cells are deep in leaf (hard for oxygen to reach), have thylakoids with reduced PSII (keeps O2 low). - CAM Plants- Intake CO2 at night (prevents water loss)->Oxaloacetic acid->malice acid->CO2->G3P