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SBI4U > Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis overview

mitochondrion

A
  • Bean-shaped
  • Has its own ribosomes and DNA
  • Converts food into energy
  • Key organelle in cellular respiration
  • Inner (cristae) and outer membrane
  • Matrix: fluid-filled space inside cristae
  • Intermembranous space between the membranes
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2
Q

the process

glucose to ATP rxn equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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3
Q

cellular respiration

energy carrier molecules

A

NADH, FADH2

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4
Q

E.T.C.

products

A

ATP and water

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5
Q

cellular respiration

types of reactions

A

-hydrolysis
-dehydration synthesis
-decarboxylation
-phosphorylation
-oxidation (loss of e-)
-reduction (gain of e-)

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6
Q

making ATP

ways ATP can be made

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

making ATP

describe substrate level phosphorylation

A

-phosphate containing compound transfers phosphate group to ADP
-endergonic formation from exergonic rxn
-energy release from rxn greater than energy needed for ATP generation

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8
Q

making ATP

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

-generated by diffusion force ~osmosis
-transmembrane channels pump p+ from one side of membrane to other
-p+ pumping proteins use e- to unduce shape changes in transmembrane proteins

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9
Q

making ATP

most baisc way of generating ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation (produces less ATP)

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10
Q

making ATP

how most ATP is produced

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

making ATP

chemical bonds

where do e- driving p+ pumping channels come from

A

-occurs in all organisms
-high energy e- are extracted

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12
Q

making ATP

light

where do e- driving p+ pumping channels come from

A

-occurs in photosynthesis
-light energy excites e-, move them to higher energy level; used to drive p+ pumps

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13
Q

glycolysis

overall chemical rxn for glycolysis

A

C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ => 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

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14
Q

glycolysis

glycolysis summary

A

energy tally: 4 ATP produced
2 ATP produced (net)
2 NADH produced

net ATP and NADH move onto krebs cycle

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15
Q

glycolysis

other sugars entering glycolysis pathway

beneficial, why

A

saves cells from always using ATP to convert sugars

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16
Q

pyruvate oxidation

overall chem equation

A

2pyruvate + 2NAD+ 2CoA => 2acetylCoA + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2

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17
Q

krebs cycle

steps for process of krebs cycle

x2/molecule of gluccose

A

step 1: oxaloacetate (4C) combines with acetyl acid (2C) of acetylCoA to form citrate (6C)
step 2: dehydration synthesis followed by hydrolysis to facilitate an isomerization (6C)
step 3: isocitrate oxidized, NAD+ reduced to NADH
step 4: (6C) molecule loses CO2 to form (5C) molecule
step 5: NAD+ reduced NADH, (5C) to (4C)
step 6: substrate level phosphorylation (ADP + Pi => ATP)
step 7: FAD reduced to FADH2
step 8: hydrolysis
step 9: (4C) malate oxidized to reform oxaloacetate, NAD+ reduced to NADH

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18
Q

1. krebs cycle

NADH and FADH2

use in E.T.C.

A

electron carriers

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19
Q

krebs cycle

final products

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2

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20
Q

E.T.C.

overview

A

-stage 3 of cell. resp.
-occurs along cristae of inner membrane
-consists of 3 protein complexes and 2 mobile e- carriers arranged in increasing e-neg
-enzymes: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome bc1
proton pump: ATP synthase

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21
Q

E.T.C.

oxygen

role in final stage

A

-final acceptor of e- that passed through E.T.C.
-strips 2e- from last protein complex adn two H+ floating in matrix to form water

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22
Q

E.T.C.

mobile carriers involved in E.T.C.

A

ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome C (C)

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23
Q

cell. resp. summary

stages of cell. resp.

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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24
Q

cell. resp. summary

onsite cell. resp. products

A

Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation: 0 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP

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25
Q

cell resp. summary

energy carriers oxidation ATP production

A

glycolysis: 4 ATP (2 each)
pyruvate oxidation: 6 ATP (3 each)
krebs cycle (x2): 18 ATP (3 each)
4 ATP (2 each)

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26
Q

cell resp. summary

energy carriers

A

glycolysis: 2 NADH -> converted to FADH2
pyruvate oxidation: 2 NADH
krebs cycle: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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27
Q

anaerobic respiration

define fermentation

A

hydrogen atoms of NADH are transferred to organic compounds other than an E.T.C.

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28
Q

types of fermentation

stages of ethanol fermentation

A
  1. two pyruate molecules lose a carbon to create acetaldehyde after glycolysis
  2. carbon atoms combine with oxygen to create CO2
  3. acetaldehyde receives hydrogen from NADH, producing ethanol
29
Q

types of fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

A
  1. two pyruvate molecules receive hydrogen atoms from NADH, creating lactate
  2. lactate converted back into pyruvate in liver
  3. pyruvate can enter krebs cycle to proceed cell. resp.
30
Q

anaerobic respiration

lactic acid info

A

-produced in muscle cells
-during high intensity exercise
-only when O2 is absent
-causes muscle fatigue

31
Q

mitochondrion vs chloroplast

chloroplast characteristics

A

-bean shaped
-contain own copy of dna and ribosomes
-self replicating
-originated form bacteria
-inner and outer membrane
-fluid filled (stroma)
-stacked structures (thylakoid)
-provides glucose to plant
-oxygen waste product
-energy required
-process occurs during day and night

32
Q

photosynthesis overview

photosynthesis chem equation

A

6CO2+6H2O+light energy=>C6H12O6 + 6O2

33
Q

photosynthesis overview

background info

A

-produces all of world’s oxygen
-light energy converted to energy of chemical bonds within carbs
-rxn occurs in chloroplasts
-2 steps: light rxn and light independent rxn

34
Q

photosynthesis overview

stages

A

light rxn part 1: capturing light/energy
light rxn part 2: making ATP and NADH
calvin cycle: carbon fixation

35
Q

photosynthesis overview

plant parts

their role in photosynthesis

A

-epidermis: allow light to pass through
-mesophyll cells (spongy and palisade): where most chloroplast is found
-stroma: where calvin cycle occurs
-thylakoid membrane: where light reactions occur
-guard cells: create stomata (regulate CO2 and O2 exchange and allow H2O vapour to transpire)

36
Q

photosynthesis overview

stomata info

how they open

A

-K+ moves across guard cell membrane, water follows by osmosis, guard cells swell and stoma opens
-water moves out when K+ diffuses out, guard cells become flaccid and stoma closes
-H+ proton pumps actively pump H+ out to even out the charge
-light stimulates influx of K+, stomata mostly open in day

37
Q

light overview

light definition

A

form of energy travelling in photons

38
Q

light

wavelengths-p680

A

average wavelength photosystem II aborbs

39
Q

light

wavelengths-p700

A

average wavelength photosystem I aborbs

40
Q

light

most energy

A

-action spectrum highest in red and blue wavelengths
-green wavelength reflected more than absorbed, gives plants green colour

41
Q

chlorophyll molecule (parts)

chlorophyll a

A

-methyl (CH3) group attached to third carbon on porphyrin ring

42
Q

chlorophyll molecule (parts)

chlorophyll b

A

-formyl (CHO) group attached to third carbon on porphyrin ring

43
Q

chlorophyll molecule (parts)

porphyrin ring

A

light absorbing head, transports oxygen, Mg located in center

44
Q

chlorophyll molecule (parts)

phytol tail

A

ensures efficient energy capture for photosynthesis

45
Q

light reactions

AKA…

A

electron transport system

46
Q

light reactions

photoexcitation

A

-occurs in thylakoid membrane
-during photon interaction, e- in chlorophyll molecule gain energy; e- released form double bonds in porphyrin ring

47
Q

light reactions

sequence of events

A

-plants use PS I and II to produce NADPH and ATP through NEF and photophosphorylation
-photon strikes pigment molecules in PS II, excites e- that transfers to PQ through reductions
-Z protein splits water into O2 and H+ and e-
-O2 leaves the cell, H+ remain in thylakoid space

48
Q

light reactions

noncyclic electron flow info

A

-photon-energized e- transport from water to NADP+ and produce NADPH by reduction
-noncyclic because e- lost by rxn centre ends up as NADPH

49
Q

light reactions

photophosphorylation info

A

-ATP produced by chemiosmosis
-light required for proton gradient to be made

50
Q

light reactions

cyclic electron flow info

A

-electron ejected from PS I passed back to help generate p+ gradient in photophosphorylation
-never used to make NADPH
-ATP produced go to calvin cycle

51
Q

light reactions

three products left at the end

A

oxygen, ATP, NADPH

52
Q

light reactions

define plastoquinone (PQ)

A

primary e- acceptor for energized e- leaving PS II

53
Q

calvin cycle

AKA…

A

light independent reactions

54
Q

calvin cycle

location of process

A

stroma

55
Q

calvin cycle

three phases of calvin cycle

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration of RuBP
56
Q

calvin cycle

list events of carbon fixation

A
  1. enzyme rubisco combines 3CO2 with RuBP
  2. forms into unstable compound, splits to form 6 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA)
  3. PGA combines with phosphate group from ATP to form 6 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BGP)
57
Q

calvin cycle

list events of reduction reactions

A
  1. 1, 3-BGP reduced using NADPH to form 6 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
  2. one G3P leaves cycle, later used to form glucose; other five continue through
58
Q

calvin cycle

list events of RuBP regeneration

A
  1. 5 G3P go through rxn to become RuBP, used to fix more CO2
  2. 3 ATP used in one turn of cycle to fix one CO2
  3. G3P that exits used to make larger sugars as cycle continues
59
Q

calvin cycle

overall chem. eq’n.

A

3RuBP+3CO2+9ATP+6NADPH+5H2O=>9ADP+8 Pi+6NADP++G3P+3RuBP

60
Q

calvin cycle

enzyme that fixes RuBP to CO2

A

rubisco

61
Q

calvin cycle

molecules needed from light rxn to convert CO2 into sugars

products of light rxn

A

ATP and NADPH

62
Q

calvin cycle

where ADP and NADP+ go after reduction phase

A

thylakoid

63
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

what is photorespiration

A

rubisco uses oxygen instead of carbon dioxide and reduces calvin cycle efficiency

64
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

when and how does photorespiration occur

A

when: conditions produced by hot, dry, bright days
how: stomata close to conserve water, decreasing amount of CO2 inside leaf

65
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

C4 plants examples

A

sugar cane, corn, tall grasses

66
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

C4 plants info

A

-separate location where carbon fixation occurs
-contain two types of photosynthetic cells; bundle sheath cells surround mesophyll cells
-mesophyll cells contain PEP carboxylase; incorporates CO2 into C4 organic acids
-o acids travel from mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells, decarboxylated and CO2 enters calvin cycle

67
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

C4 significance

why does it work

A

ensures CO2 concentration in bundle sheath cells where calvin cycle occurs is always high

68
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

CAM plants info

A

-water storing plants (cacti, pineapple, succulents)
-separate time of day where carbon fixation adn calvin cycle occur
-stomata open in night, close during day
-take in CO2 at night, incorporate them into C4 organic acids using PEP carboxylase (stored in vacuoles until morning)
-organic acids release CO2 during day to allow calvin cycle to occur

69
Q

C4 and CAM carbon fixation

difference from C3

how do C4 and CAM reduce effects of photorespiration compared to C3

A

-C3 plants waste energy and reduce photosynthetic efficiency due to photorespiration
-C4 plants use spatial separation to reduce photorespiration
-CAM plants use temporal separation to reduce photorespiration

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