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Metabolic Processes Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis overview

mitochondrion

A
  • Bean-shaped
  • Has its own ribosomes and DNA
  • Converts food into energy
  • Key organelle in cellular respiration
  • Inner (cristae) and outer membrane
  • Matrix: fluid-filled space inside cristae
  • Intermembranous space between the membranes
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2
Q

the process

glucose to ATP rxn equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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3
Q

cellular respiration

energy carrier molecules

A

NADH, FADH2

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4
Q

E.T.C.

products

A

ATP and water

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5
Q

cellular respiration

types of reactions

A

-hydrolysis
-dehydration synthesis
-decarboxylation
-phosphorylation
-oxidation (loss of e-)
-reduction (gain of e-)

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6
Q

making ATP

ways ATP can be made

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

making ATP

describe substrate level phosphorylation

A

-phosphate containing compound transfers phosphate group to ADP
-endergonic formation from exergonic rxn
-energy release from rxn greater than energy needed for ATP generation

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8
Q

making ATP

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

-generated by diffusion force ~osmosis
-transmembrane channels pump p+ from one side of membrane to other
-p+ pumping proteins use e- to unduce shape changes in transmembrane proteins

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9
Q

making ATP

most baisc way of generating ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation (produces less ATP)

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10
Q

making ATP

how most ATP is produced

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

making ATP

chemical bonds

where do e- driving p+ pumping channels come from

A

-occurs in all organisms
-high energy e- are extracted

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12
Q

making ATP

light

where do e- driving p+ pumping channels come from

A

-occurs in photosynthesis
-light energy excites e-, move them to higher energy level; used to drive p+ pumps

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13
Q

glycolysis

overall chemical rxn for glycolysis

A

C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ => 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

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14
Q

glycolysis

glycolysis summary

A

energy tally: 4 ATP produced
2 ATP produced (net)
2 NADH produced

net ATP and NADH move onto krebs cycle

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15
Q

glycolysis

other sugars entering glycolysis pathway

beneficial, why

A

saves cells from always using ATP to convert sugars

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16
Q

pyruvate oxidation

overall chem equation

A

2pyruvate + 2NAD+ 2CoA => 2acetylCoA + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2

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17
Q

krebs cycle

steps for process of krebs cycle

x2/molecule of gluccose

A

step 1: oxaloacetate (4C) combines with acetyl acid (2C) of acetylCoA to form citrate (6C)
step 2: dehydration synthesis followed by hydrolysis to facilitate an isomerization (6C)
step 3: isocitrate oxidized, NAD+ reduced to NADH
step 4: (6C) molecule loses CO2 to form (5C) molecule
step 5: NAD+ reduced NADH, (5C) to (4C)
step 6: substrate level phosphorylation (ADP + Pi => ATP)
step 7: FAD reduced to FADH2
step 8: hydrolysis
step 9: (4C) malate oxidized to reform oxaloacetate, NAD+ reduced to NADH

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18
Q

1. krebs cycle

NADH and FADH2

use in E.T.C.

A

electron carriers

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19
Q

krebs cycle

final products

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2

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20
Q

E.T.C.

overview

A

-stage 3 of cell. resp.
-occurs along cristae of inner membrane
-consists of 3 protein complexes and 2 mobile e- carriers arranged in increasing e-neg
-enzymes: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome bc1
proton pump: ATP synthase

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21
Q

E.T.C.

oxygen

role in final stage

A

-final acceptor of e- that passed through E.T.C.
-strips 2e- from last protein complex adn two H+ floating in matrix to form water

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22
Q

E.T.C.

mobile carriers involved in E.T.C.

A

ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome C (C)

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23
Q

cell. resp. summary

stages of cell. resp.

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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24
Q

cell. resp. summary

onsite cell. resp. products

A

Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation: 0 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP

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25
# **cell resp. summary** energy carriers oxidation ATP production
glycolysis: 4 ATP (2 each) pyruvate oxidation: 6 ATP (3 each) krebs cycle (x2): 18 ATP (3 each) 4 ATP (2 each)
26
# **cell resp. summary** energy carriers
glycolysis: 2 NADH -> converted to FADH2 pyruvate oxidation: 2 NADH krebs cycle: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
27
# **anaerobic respiration** define fermentation
hydrogen atoms of NADH are transferred to organic compounds other than an E.T.C.
28
# **types of fermentation** stages of ethanol fermentation
1. two pyruate molecules lose a carbon to create acetaldehyde after glycolysis 2. carbon atoms combine with oxygen to create CO2 3. acetaldehyde receives hydrogen from NADH, producing ethanol
29
# **types of fermentation** lactic acid fermentation
1. two pyruvate molecules receive hydrogen atoms from NADH, creating lactate 2. lactate converted back into pyruvate in liver 3. pyruvate can enter krebs cycle to proceed cell. resp.
30
# **anaerobic respiration** lactic acid info
-produced in muscle cells -during high intensity exercise -only when O2 is absent -causes muscle fatigue
31
# **mitochondrion vs chloroplast** chloroplast characteristics
-bean shaped -contain own copy of dna and ribosomes -self replicating -originated form bacteria -inner and outer membrane -fluid filled (stroma) -stacked structures (thylakoid) -provides glucose to plant -oxygen waste product -energy required -process occurs during day and night
32
# **photosynthesis overview** photosynthesis chem equation
6CO2+6H2O+light energy=>C6H12O6 + 6O2
33
# **photosynthesis overview** background info
-produces all of world's oxygen -light energy converted to energy of chemical bonds within carbs -rxn occurs in chloroplasts -2 steps: light rxn and light independent rxn
34
# **photosynthesis overview** stages
light rxn part 1: capturing light/energy light rxn part 2: making ATP and NADH calvin cycle: carbon fixation
35
# **photosynthesis overview** plant parts | *their role in photosynthesis*
-epidermis: allow light to pass through -mesophyll cells (spongy and palisade): where most chloroplast is found -stroma: where calvin cycle occurs -thylakoid membrane: where light reactions occur -guard cells: create stomata (regulate CO2 and O2 exchange and allow H2O vapour to transpire)
36
# **photosynthesis overview** stomata info | *how they open*
-K+ moves across guard cell membrane, water follows by osmosis, guard cells swell and stoma opens -water moves out when K+ diffuses out, guard cells become flaccid and stoma closes -H+ proton pumps actively pump H+ out to even out the charge -light stimulates influx of K+, stomata mostly open in day
37
# **light overview** light definition
form of energy travelling in photons
38
# **light** wavelengths-p680
average wavelength photosystem II aborbs
39
# **light** wavelengths-p700
average wavelength photosystem I aborbs
40
# **light** most energy
-action spectrum highest in red and blue wavelengths -green wavelength reflected more than absorbed, gives plants green colour
41
# **chlorophyll molecule (parts)** chlorophyll a
-methyl (CH3) group attached to third carbon on porphyrin ring
42
# **chlorophyll molecule (parts)** chlorophyll b
-formyl (CHO) group attached to third carbon on porphyrin ring
43
# **chlorophyll molecule (parts)** porphyrin ring
light absorbing head, transports oxygen, Mg located in center
44
# **chlorophyll molecule (parts)** phytol tail
ensures efficient energy capture for photosynthesis
45
# **light reactions** AKA...
electron transport system
46
# **light reactions** photoexcitation
-occurs in thylakoid membrane -during photon interaction, e- in chlorophyll molecule gain energy; e- released form double bonds in porphyrin ring
47
# **light reactions** sequence of events
-plants use PS I and II to produce NADPH and ATP through NEF and photophosphorylation -photon strikes pigment molecules in PS II, excites e- that transfers to PQ through reductions -Z protein splits water into O2 and H+ and e- -O2 leaves the cell, H+ remain in thylakoid space
48
# **light reactions** noncyclic electron flow info
-photon-energized e- transport from water to NADP+ and produce NADPH by reduction -noncyclic because e- lost by rxn centre ends up as NADPH
49
# **light reactions** photophosphorylation info
-ATP produced by chemiosmosis -light required for proton gradient to be made
50
# **light reactions** cyclic electron flow info
-electron ejected from PS I passed back to help generate p+ gradient in photophosphorylation -never used to make NADPH -ATP produced go to calvin cycle
51
# **light reactions** three products left at the end
oxygen, ATP, NADPH
52
# **light reactions** define plastoquinone (PQ)
primary e- acceptor for energized e- leaving PS II
53
# **calvin cycle** AKA...
light independent reactions
54
# **calvin cycle** location of process
stroma
55
# **calvin cycle** three phases of calvin cycle
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP
56
# **calvin cycle** list events of carbon fixation
1. enzyme rubisco combines 3CO2 with RuBP 2. forms into unstable compound, splits to form 6 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) 3. PGA combines with phosphate group from ATP to form 6 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BGP)
57
# **calvin cycle** list events of reduction reactions
1. 1, 3-BGP reduced using NADPH to form 6 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) 2. one G3P leaves cycle, later used to form glucose; other five continue through
58
# **calvin cycle** list events of RuBP regeneration
1. 5 G3P go through rxn to become RuBP, used to fix more CO2 2. 3 ATP used in one turn of cycle to fix one CO2 3. G3P that exits used to make larger sugars as cycle continues
59
# **calvin cycle** overall chem. eq'n.
3RuBP+3CO2+9ATP+6NADPH+5H2O=>9ADP+8 Pi+6NADP++G3P+3RuBP
60
# **calvin cycle** enzyme that fixes RuBP to CO2
rubisco
61
# **calvin cycle** molecules needed from light rxn to convert CO2 into sugars | *products of light rxn*
ATP and NADPH
62
# **calvin cycle** where ADP and NADP+ go after reduction phase
thylakoid
63
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** what is photorespiration
rubisco uses oxygen instead of carbon dioxide and reduces calvin cycle efficiency
64
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** when and how does photorespiration occur
when: conditions produced by hot, dry, bright days how: stomata close to conserve water, decreasing amount of CO2 inside leaf
65
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** C4 plants examples
sugar cane, corn, tall grasses
66
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** C4 plants info
-separate location where carbon fixation occurs -contain two types of photosynthetic cells; bundle sheath cells surround mesophyll cells -mesophyll cells contain PEP carboxylase; incorporates CO2 into C4 organic acids -o acids travel from mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells, decarboxylated and CO2 enters calvin cycle
67
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** C4 significance | *why does it work*
ensures CO2 concentration in bundle sheath cells where calvin cycle occurs is always high
68
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** CAM plants info
-water storing plants (cacti, pineapple, succulents) -separate time of day where carbon fixation adn calvin cycle occur -stomata open in night, close during day -take in CO2 at night, incorporate them into C4 organic acids using PEP carboxylase (stored in vacuoles until morning) -organic acids release CO2 during day to allow calvin cycle to occur
69
# **C4 and CAM carbon fixation** difference from C3 | *how do C4 and CAM reduce effects of photorespiration compared to C3*
-C3 plants waste energy and reduce photosynthetic efficiency due to photorespiration -C4 plants use spatial separation to reduce photorespiration -CAM plants use temporal separation to reduce photorespiration

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