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Metabolic processes Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between chloro-a and b

A

chloro- A contains a methyl group (CH3)

chloro- B contains a aldehyde group (COH)

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2
Q

what is the primary pigment?

A

Chloro-A (blue and green)

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3
Q

what are the accessory pigments?

A

Carotenoids (gives orange colour to carrots)

Chloro- b (yellow-green)

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4
Q

What is a pigment?

A

Pigments absorb light energy

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5
Q

What are prokaryotic autotrophs?

A

eg. cyanobacteria
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Form algae blooms —> can produce toxins harmful to humans and animals

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6
Q

What are Eukaryotic Autotrophs?

A

eg. Algae, photosynthetic plants, protists and plants

chlorophyll is contained in membranes of chloroplasts

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7
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + light energy ——> C6H1206(aq) + 6O2(g)

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8
Q

What is the basic structure of a plant? (5 things)

A

1) Leaves - provide max surface area exposed to sunlight, limiting the distance gases need to travel to the chloroplast.
2) Epidermis layer - transparent, colourless layer of cells below the cuticle of the leaf, stem and root which allows light to travel through to the next layer
3) Mesophyll layer - spongy and palisade, photosynthetic cells that form the bulk of the plant leaf
4) Guard cells - epidermal cells of a leaf or stem that for and regulate the size of the stomata
5) Stomata - microscopic openings on the surface of the leaf that allow for gas exchange between air spaces inside the leaf and the atmosphere

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9
Q

What are the transportation networks and the difference between the two veins

A

Xylem - dead vascular veins that transport water from the roots UP to the leaves

Phloem - living vascular bundles that carry carbs produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to where ever it is needed or where it is stored (i.e. roots)

Roots - absorb water and minerals from the soil, anchor the plant

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10
Q

what is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is completely passive, and is loss of water vapour from the plant tissue through the stomata that helps draw water (and dissolved minerals) up from the roots through the xylem.

Basically the plant is sweating

—> cools plant to prevent overheating and denaturing of enzymes that catalyze photosythesis.

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11
Q

What controls the rate of gas exchange and transpiration?

A

the shape of the guard cells

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12
Q

What are chloroplasts ?

A
  • Photosynthesis takes place here
  • Contain their own DNA and ribosomes
  • Membrane reticulation fill the inner space to increase surface area.
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13
Q

What is the inner thylakoid space called?

A

Lumen

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14
Q

What is the protein rich interior material called?

A

Stroma

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15
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

membrane bound organelles that contain light absorbing pigments and electron transport chains (ETC)

–>inside stroma

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16
Q

What are stacks of thylakoid called?

A

Grana

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17
Q

What is lamella(e)

A

unstacked thylakoids that connect individual granum

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18
Q

Where are light dependant reactions held and what is involved

A

“photo” reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane

involving –> chlorophyll, H2O, light, oxygen, NADP, ADP. e-, H

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19
Q

where do “synthesis” reactions take place and what is involved?

A

occurs in the stroma

involves NADPH, ATP, RuBP, CO2 and G3P (PGAL)

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20
Q

Go through the 4 light stories

A
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21
Q

What is blue light and red light

A

blue light is light with =—>

  • high energy
  • high frequency
  • Short wavelengths

red light is light with—>

  • low energy
  • low frequency
  • long wavelengths
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22
Q

What happens when molecules are struck by a photon of light? (2 things)

A

1) fluoresce - when the perfect wavelength matches, the photon excites the electron (ground state) which jump to another energy level (excited state). The electron doesn’t stay excited forever so once it jumps back to ground state it lets go of the energy it got from the light, releases it as light or heat. Ground state. (non-photosynthetic)
2) Redox reaction - photon excited electron and when electron jumps instead of returning to ground state it gets stolen by another molecule right next door (MAJOR DIFFERENCE)

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23
Q

What is photolysis and what does it produce?

A

photolysis is the breaking up of water through light

h20 —–> 1/2 O2 +2H +2e-

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24
Q

How do carotenoids help? (2 ways)

A

—> some absorb light that would damage the chlorophyll and fluoresce it as heat

—>channel the light energy to the reaction centre (always chlorophyll a)

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25
Q

How do carotenoids help? (2 ways)

A

—> some absorb light that would damage the chlorophyll and fluoresce it as heat

—>channel the light energy to the reaction centre (always chlorophyll a)

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26
Q

Role of the photocenter

A

network of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment molecules (held together in a protein matrix)

the pigments’ arrangement permits channelling of excitation energy to a central point called the reaction centre

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27
Q

overall balanced equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)——-> C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g)

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28
Q

What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light –> as light intensity increases, photosynthesis increases (limited by Co2 and temp)

CO2 levels —> as C02 levels increase photosynthesis increases (limited by light and temp)

Temperature —> as temp increases so does rate of photosynthesis UNTIL ENZYMES DENATURE.

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29
Q

what are the three stages of light dependant reactions?

A

1) PHOTOEXCITATION of chlorophyll electrons –> spike in potential energy (photoexcitation) lasts a fraction of a second before returning to ground state
2) ELECTRON TRANSPORT through membrane bound carriers —-> must transfer to primary electron acceptor (NADP+) to form NADPH or the energy will fluoresce (as heat or light)
3) CHEMIOSMOSIS —> protons move through ATPase to drive the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi

30
Q

What are the two photosystems and which chlorophyll do they contain?

A

Photosystem I, contains chlorophyll P700

Photosystem II, contain chlorophyll P680

31
Q

what does NADP stand for?

A

Nicotinomide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

32
Q

what are the three differences between Cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation

A

1) Products —> cyclic only produces ATP, non-cyclic produces ATP and NADPH
2) e- lost or recycled? —> cyclic the electron is recycled. non- cyclic the electron is lost (goes to the Calvin Cycle)

3) Photosystems involved —> Cyclic only involves PS 1 700 (photosystem 1),
non-cyclic uses both PS 2 680 (photosystem 2) and PS 1 700 (photosystem 1)

33
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle ?

A
  1. ) Carbon fixation - Co2 is fixed to RuBP through enzyme called Rubisco creating
    - —> 3-PGA (3 phosphoglycerate)

2) Reduction reactions -
3) Regeneration of RuBP

34
Q

List the 3 main stages in the photosynthetic reaction pathway

A

(1) Light Reactions
– chemiosmotic generation of ATP via cytochromes electron transport chain
- reduction of NADP+ produced NADPH

(2) Dark Reactions
- use of ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic compounds from atmospheric CO2

(3) Regeneration of Pigment Molecules
- photolysis of water replaces electrons to return oxidized chlorophyll to its ground state

35
Q

Identify two ways plants in warmer climates have adapted to deal with
photorespiration

A

C4 plant adaptations:

(1) leaf structure with bundle sheath cells next to veins to maximize availability of CO2

(2) uses PEP carboxylase instead of RuBP carboxylase so photorespiration is less likely to occur
(since PEP is less likely to bind to O2 than CO2);

(3) use a 4-carbon (hence, C4) oxaloacetate to deliver CO2 to cells; keeps
the CO2 to O2 ratio high so no photorespiration occurs when the stomata are closed to conserve
water and the O2 is building up in the leaf

CAM plants:
- CO2 only taken up at night and stored in vacuoles as oxaloacetate; stored carbon can run out
which means little production of sugars and explains slow growth in desert plants

36
Q

List and briefly describe the three stages in the dark reactions.

A

(1) Carbon Fixation → Rubisco adds CO2 onto ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) producing 2
molecules of phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)

(2) Production of Carbohydrate (Reduction) → series of reactions which use ATP and NADPH to
convert PGA → DPGA → PGAL
- PGAL is then used to form glucose (in reverse of glycolytic pathway)

(3) Regeneration of RuBP → series of reactions which use ATP to convert PGAl back into RuBP
to complete cycle

37
Q

What is the pigment molecule in photosystem I

A

P 700

38
Q

fluid matrix of the chloroplast

A

Stroma

39
Q

yellow-orange pigment (like in carrots!!)

A

beta-carotene

40
Q

site of the photosynthetic reactions

A

photosynthetic membrane

41
Q

primary photosynthetic pigment that absorbs primarily

violet-blue light

A

Chloro-b

42
Q

pigment that is able to absorb photons that chlorophyll a

cannot

A

accessory pigments

43
Q

pigment molecule within photosystem II

A

P 680

44
Q

cells in C4 plants that hold CO2

A

bundle sheath cells

45
Q

dark reactions of photosynthesis

A

Calvin Cycle

46
Q

Distinguish between the two different photosystems found in higher plants

A

(1) P680 – maximum energy absorption at 680nm
- reaction center of Photosystem II
- first photocenter in light reactions and passes electrons to cytochromes for ATP
synthesis
- electron replaced by photolysis of water

2) P700 – maximum energy absorption at 700nm
- reaction center of Photosystem I
- second photocenter in light reactions and passes electron to ferredoxin for NADPH
synthesis
- electron replaced by passage from photosystem II
- used in cyclic photophosphorylation in bacterial cells

47
Q

5-carbon sugar to which CO2 is added during the dark reaction

A

Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate (RuBP)

48
Q

What is the produce of Carbon fixation?

A

3-PGA (3 phosphoglycerates)

49
Q

Explain what happens in the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle

A

Part A of Reduction phase
- ATP undergoes hydrolysis (which breaks off a phosphate creating ADP)

  • SIX PGA (phosphoglycerate) molecules are phosphorylated (phosphate is added) into SIX 1,3 BPG (1,3-bisphosphateglycerate) using SIX ATP molecules

Part B of Reduction Phase
-SIX NADPH molecules reduce SIX 1,3 BPG (1,3 - diphosphoglycerate) to form SIX G3P (PGAL) molecules

ONE G3P molecule leaves the cycle to form sugar (1/2 sugar, need two G3P to form ONE sugar)

FIVE G3P molecules (3C) are used to regenerate THREE molecules of RuBP (5C)

50
Q

What happens in the regeneration phase of the Calvin Cycle

A

The carbon skeleton of the five G3P molecules are rearranged into 3 RuBP molecules

51
Q

What are photocenters?

A

Photocenters are just a part of the photosystem that contains the carotenoids and the chlorophyll pigments. Imagine that little antenna array built in to the top of the photosystem. (pg 10)

52
Q

What are bundle sheath cells impermeable to?

A

Co2

53
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP (phosphorylation of ADP produces high energy pyrophosphate bond)

54
Q

series of membrane bound electron carriers in cellular respiration

A

cytochromes

55
Q

the ketone which is an isomer of G3P

A

DHAP

56
Q

respiratory proteins that transport protons into the mitochondrial ETC
Matrix

A

ETC (electron transport chain)

57
Q

metabolism in the absence of oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

58
Q

what is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

59
Q

cyclic series of reactions in which pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 & H2O

A

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

60
Q

the location in the cell for glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

61
Q

location in the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle

A

matrix

62
Q

reactions in which a molecule gains electrons

A

reduction reactions

63
Q

large enzyme that removes carbon dioxide from pyruvate

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

64
Q

the location of the electron transport chain

A

Cristae

65
Q

enzyme that regulates respiration in muscle cells

A

Phosphofructokinase

66
Q

What are the two ways organisms make ATP ?

A

and briefly describe the 2 ways that organisms make ATP.
1) Substrate level – enzyme used to strip P from one molecule and add it to
another (ADP, creates ATP)

2) Chemiosmosis – H+ pumped to intermembranous space of mitochondrion by
active transport, diffuses back into matrix through STP synthetase complex
and phosphorylates ADP (pg. 106)

67
Q

Why does glycolysis cost the cell 2 molecules of ATP initially?

A

Glucose must be “activated” by the addition of the 2 phosphate groups to destabilize bonds and break apart the stable ring structure.

68
Q

Two examples of structural isomer conversions during the glycolytic pathway

A

Glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate

DHAP and G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

69
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration and their locations?

A
70
Q

What is the goal of oxidation of pyruvate ?

A

convert pyruvate to

Acetyl-CoA + produce NADH

71
Q

Difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

Metabolic processes (2 decks)

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