Metabolic Overview

Question 1

_________ is defined as the overall process through which living systems acquire and use energy.

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

_________ is the degradation of nutrients and cell constituents, while ______ is the biosynthesis from simpler compounds.

Answer 2

catabolism and anabolism

Question 3

All biogenic amino acids have the L-configuation except which one?

Answer 3

cysteine

Question 4

How many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 4

9

Question 5

What are two examples of “conditionally essential” amino acids?

Answer 5

cysteine (biosynthesis requires sulfur from methionine), tyrosine (can be made from phenylalanine)

Question 6

Can multi-unsaturated fatty acids be synthesized by the body?

Answer 6

no (essential fatty acids)

Question 7

What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 7

A, D, E, K

Question 8

1 kcal = ____ kJ

Answer 8

4.184

Question 9

If a compound has _____ carbons and _____ oxygens, it is generally more caloric (higher in energy).

Answer 9

more and fewer

Question 10

If a compound is more ________ (more hydrogens), generally more caloric (higher energy).

Answer 10

reduced

Question 11

What is the “rule of thumb” for how many kcal are needed to maintain energy for life?

Answer 11

1 kcal/hr per kg of body weight

Question 12

Does glycogen provide short or long term energy?

Answer 12

short

Question 13

The enzyme that cleaves glycogen only acts on what kind of bonds?

Answer 13

alpha-glycosidic bonds

Question 14

In proteins, from which terminus are peptide bonds usually cleaved?

Answer 14

N-terminus

Question 15

Which ester bonds are initially cleaved in lipids?

Answer 15

bonds at 1 and 3 position of glycerol backbone

Question 16

Fatty acids are degraded through ______ oxidation into acetyl-CoA.

Answer 16

beta

Question 17

Which cycle is the general catabolic cycle of our metabolism?

Answer 17

TCA cycle

Question 18

In which bonds is the energy of ATP stored?

Answer 18

terminal phosphate bonds

Question 19

Which organ in the body has the largest glycogen reservoir?

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

What does the liver use to synthesize glycogen and triacylglycerols?

Answer 20

excess glucose

Question 21

In the Fed state, what is happening to proteins/peptides?

Answer 21

broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make new proteins or degraded into acetyl-CoA for energy

Question 22

In the Fed state, what is happening to carbs?

Answer 22

degraded to glucose for energy

Question 23

________ can be converted to glycerol in adipose tissue.

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

In the Fed state, what is happening to lipids?

Answer 24

broken down to 2 mono-acylglycerols (once past gut/blood barrier, resynthesized into triacylclycerols and stored in adipose)

Question 25

All tissues except which one use insulin to take up glucose?

Answer 25

brain

Question 26

When does the transition from Fed to Fasting state typically occur?

Answer 26

1 hour after meal

Question 27

Degradation of _______ is characteristic of basal (Fasting) state.

Answer 27

glycogen

Question 28

What is the fasting glucose blood concentration range?

Answer 28

80-100 mg/dL

Question 29

What are the two components of Fasting state?

Answer 29

basal (after 12 hours), starvation (after 4-5 days)

Question 30

What are ketone bodies?

Answer 30

small, water soluble molecules that can be used for energy when glucose not available (not preferred)

Question 31

In the Basal state, what is happening to proteins?

Answer 31

amino acids gained from breakdown of muscle protein or synthesized from intermediates of glycolysis/TCA cycle (only 11 amino acids can be synthesized)

Question 32

In the Fasting state, what is happening to lipids?

Answer 32

triacylglycerols from adipose tissue broken down for energy

Question 33

Which organ secretes glucagon?

Answer 33

pancreas

Question 34

Gluconeogenesis relies mainly on _______ and ________ as a source.

Answer 34

glycerol, lactate

Question 35

In the Starved state, ________ are mainly used to support the brain.

Answer 35

ketone bodies