Metabolic Fuels & Dietary Components Flashcards

1
Q

How do we get fuel?

A

From food—> proteins carbs and fats

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2
Q

To completely convert fuel to co2 & water(h2o) what do we need and from where? And what happens to the co2?

A

We need oxygen and we get it from breathing and it eliminates the co2 that is produced by oxidation of foodstuff

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3
Q

When is fuel stored and as what? where?

A

If fuel exceeds the body’s immediate energy requirement it gets sorted as TRIGLYCEROL(fats) in ADIPOSE TISSUES, as GLYCOGEN in MUSCLE, LIVER and other cells

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4
Q

What’s the point of fuel stores?

A

When we are fasting or sleeping fuel is drawn from these stores And is oxidized to provide energy

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5
Q

When do you lose and gain weight?

A

When we don’t supply enough FOOD each day to supply basic energy then our body’s fuel stores uses up the remainder and we LOSE WEIGHT- if we consume more food than required or more than the energy we expend our body’s fuel stores will enlarge and we GAIN WEIGHT

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6
Q

What else does diet provide? What are the different precursors?

A

It provides precursors for biosynthesis.

PRECURSORS —> essential fatty acids and essential amino acids

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7
Q

Dietary components that we can use are referred to as? And what is it called when compound is not useful in the human body? How are they released?

A

Components we can use are NUTRIENTS and those that HAVE NO VALUE in the human body and may be toxic are called XENOBIOTIC CONPOUNDS
—> released by urine and feces together

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8
Q

We metabolize our dietary components through 4 types of pathways

A

Fuel oxidative pathway, fuel storage and mobilization pathway, bio synthetic pathway and detoxification pathway

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9
Q

Fuel oxidative pathways ~>

A

converts fuel into energy for biosynthesis and mechanical work

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10
Q

What comes into play when we sleeping and not eating or on a hunger strike?

A

Fuel storage pathways, the fuel that’s stores can be mobilized during periods when we are not eating or we need increased energy for work

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11
Q

Detoxification or waste disposal pathways and how is it introduced?~>

A

Their main focus is removal of toxins from the body which may be present in the food and air. It’s introduced into our body as DRUGS and internally can be produced from metabolism of a dietary component

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12
Q

Anabolic pathway with eg~>

A

Forms larger molecules from smaller components

eg ~> amino acids to protein

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13
Q

Catabolic pathway ~>

Eg~>

A

Pathway~> breaks down larger molecules into smaller components

Eg ~> fuel oxidative pathways

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14
Q

ATP-ADP cycle ~>

A

~> generation and utilization of ATP is called ATP-ADP cycle

So, When fuels are oxidized to CO2 + H2O in our cells,energy is released by the transfer of electrons to O2. The energy from this oxidation process generates heat and ATP. carbon dioxide travels in blood to lungs where it is expired and water is excreted through urine,sweat and other secretions. Although the heat generated is used to maintain temp but main focus is to produce ATP.as these processes use energy ATP IS CONVERTED BACK INTO ADP (ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE) and inorganic phosphate(Pi).

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15
Q

Respiration (Biochem words)

A

OXIDATION of FUELS TO GENERATE ATP

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16
Q

Explain TCA (TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE)

A

Before oxidation,
co2~> glucose
Fats~> fatty acids
Proteins~> amino acids
These fuels oxidize into acetyl coenzymeA, which is a precursor for TCA cycle.
~> TCA cycle is a series of reactions that completes oxidation of fuels to CO2
~> the electrons lost by fuels is transferred to O2 by a series of proteins in the electron transport chain.
~> the energy of electron transfer is used to convert ADP and Pi to ATP by a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

17
Q

Major carbohydrates in the body are~>

A

Starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, glucose

18
Q

Whose mono/disaccharide?

Glucose, lactose,sucrose, fructose

A

Dis -> sucrose and lactose

Mono ~> glucose and fructose

19
Q

Oxidation of carbohydrates~> co2 and H20 gives?

A

4kcal/g

20
Q

Proteins contain how much % of nitrogen?

A

16% of nitrogen by weight

21
Q

Complete oxidation of proteins to CO2,H2O and ammonium(NH4+) yields?

A

4kcal/g

22
Q

Fats(lipids) are composed of?

A

Triglycerides/triglycerols

23
Q

Do fats contain less oxygen compared to carbs and proteins? And since it’s more “reduced” it gives more energy?

YES or NO

A

YES OFC

24
Q

Complete oxidation of triglycerols ~> CO2 and H20 gives

A

9kcal/g

25
Q

What is unsaturated and saturated fatty acids? Give eg

A

saturated~> has no double bond
Eg: palmitate and stereate

Unsaturated ~> has one or more double bond
Monounsaturated ~> oleate
Polyunsaturated~> more than one double bond