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Metabolic Fuels Flashcards

1
Q

Define Metabolsim

A

Sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism

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2
Q

What are the four main pathways dietary components are metabolised in cells

A
  1. Biosynthetic
  2. Fuel storage
  3. Oxidative processes
  4. Waste disposal
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3
Q

Define anabolic

A

Synthesise larger molecules from smaller components

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4
Q

Define catabolic

A

Break down larger into smaller

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5
Q

Is biosynthetic pathway anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic

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6
Q

Is fuel storage pathway anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic

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7
Q

Is oxidative pathway anabolic or catabolic

A

Catabolic

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8
Q

Is waste disposal anabolic or catabolic

A

Either

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9
Q

What does catabolism provide

A

Energy for cell processes from ‘fuel’ molecules

Provides energy for anabolism

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10
Q

What is the primary (but not only way) which catabolism provides energy for anabolism

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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11
Q

How is adipose tissue specialised for energy

A

85% fat

Storage of energy-rich molecules

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12
Q

How is liver specialised for energy

A

Metabolically active

E.g. Gluconeogenesis (removal of toxins)

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13
Q

What are the 3 main dietary energy sources

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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14
Q

How does the body store dietary fuels

A

Adipose tissue (fat) - only approx. 15% water

Carbohydrates as glycogen in liver and muscles

Protein in muscles (80% water)

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15
Q

What are the three way things happen to excess energy intake

A

Stores as triglycerides in adipose

Store as glycogen

Store as protein

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16
Q

Approximately how much weight is stored as triglycerides in adipose

A

15kg

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17
Q

Approximately how much weight is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle

A

200g in liver

80g in liver after overnight fast

150g in muscle

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18
Q

Approximately how much weight is stored as protein in muscle

A

6kg

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19
Q

How much energy is there per gram in carbohydrate

A

4kcal/g

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20
Q

How much energy is there per gram in protein

A

4kcal/g

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21
Q

How much energy is there per gram in alcohol

A

7kcal/g

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22
Q

How much energy is there per gram in lipid

A

9kcal/g

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23
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

A measure of the energy required to maintain non-exercise bodily functions

(Energy needed to stay alive at rest)

24
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect BMR

A

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, core body temperature, appetite, sympathetic activity etc.

25
What factors can affect a decreasing BMR
Age Gender Dieting/Starvation Hypothyroidism Decreased muscle mass
26
Why does muscle mass effect BMR
Muscle cells require more energy to maintain than fat cells (As we get older tend to loose fat, explains why BMR tends to decrease with age)
27
What factors can increase BMR
Body weight (BMI) Hyperthyroidism Low ambient temperature Fever/infection/chronic disease
28
What are the NHS nutrition guidelines recommended for patients in kCal/kg/d for anyone who are not severely ill or injured, nor at risk of re-feeding syndrome
25-35 kCal/kg/day
29
In grams how much glucose does the brain require a day
150g
30
Define gluconeogenesis
During longer period of fasting/starvation, glucose must be formed form non-carbohydrate sources
31
After an overnight fast what happens to the body
Decrease insulin Glycogenolysis
32
What happens after 2-4 days of starvation
Decrease insulin Increase cortisol Lipolysis and Proteolysis
33
What does gluconeogenesis use
Lactate Amino acids - muscle, intestine, skin Glycerol - fat breakdown
34
After more than 4 days of starvation what happens to the body
Liver converts ketones from fatty acids Brain adapt to using ketones BMR decreases
35
Define malnutrition
A state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, causing measurable adverse effects
36
What is re-feeing syndrome
Danger of feeding too fast Re-distribution of phosphate, potassium, magnesium etc. due to insulin Switch back to carbohydrates as the main fuel source requires phosphate and thiamine
37
What is the key information about vitamin C
Heat liable Collagen synthesis Improve iron absorption Antioxidant
38
What is the key information of vitamin B12
Protein synthesis DNA synthesis Regenerate folate Fatty acid synthesis Energy production
39
What does vitamin B1 (Thiamine) do
Help with energy production in your body
40
What does vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) do
Helps with energy production in your body Helps your body use other B vitamins
41
What does vitamin B3 (niacin) do
Helps your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrate to make energy Help enzymes work properly in your body
42
What does biotin do
Allows your body to use protein, fat, carbohydrate from food
43
What does vitamin B6 do (pyridoxin)
Helps your body to make and use protein and glycogen which is the stored energy in your muscles and liver Helps form haemoglobin which carries oxygen in your blood
44
What does vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) do
Works with the vitamin folate to make DNA Helps to make healthy blood cells Low levels of vitamin B12 can cause a type of anaemia Keeps nerves working properly
45
What does folate (folic acid) do
Helps produce and maintain DNA and cells Helps to make red blood cells and prevent anaemia Getting enough folic acid lowers the risk of having a baby with birth defects like spina bifida
46
What does vitamin C do
May help prevent cell damage and reduce risk of certain cancers, heart disease and other disease Collagen synthesis (helps heal cuts and wounds and keeps gums healthy) Keeps immune system healthy Increases amount of iron body absorbs from food
47
What does vitamin A do
Helps see at day and night Protects you from infections by keeping skin and other body parts healthy Promotes normal growth and development
48
What does carotenoids do
Not vitamins - can turn into vitamin A in the body Act as antioxidants which protect body from damage caused by harmful molecules caused by free radicals
49
What does vitamin D do
Increases the amount of calcium and phosphorus your body absorbs from foods Deposits calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth, making them stronger and healthier Protects against infections by keeping your immune system healthy
50
What does vitamin E do
Helps maintain a healthy immune system Acts as antioxidant and protects cells from damage
51
What does vitamin K do
Makes proteins that cause our blood to clot Involved in making body proteins for your blood, bones and kidneys
52
How much protein should be consumed a day
0.8g/kg/day
53
What is the maximum amount of saturated fat consumed a day
Man 30g Woman 20g
54
What is the maximum amount of energy consumed by free sugars a day
5%
55
What is the maximum amount of sodium (salt) a day
2.4g sodium 6g salt
56
How much units is recommended a week
14 units (over more than 3 days)

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