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IMMS > Metabolic Fuels > Flashcards

Metabolic Fuels Flashcards

1
Q

Define Metabolsim

A

Sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism

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2
Q

What are the four main pathways dietary components are metabolised in cells

A
  1. Biosynthetic
  2. Fuel storage
  3. Oxidative processes
  4. Waste disposal
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3
Q

Define anabolic

A

Synthesise larger molecules from smaller components

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4
Q

Define catabolic

A

Break down larger into smaller

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5
Q

Is biosynthetic pathway anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic

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6
Q

Is fuel storage pathway anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic

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7
Q

Is oxidative pathway anabolic or catabolic

A

Catabolic

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8
Q

Is waste disposal anabolic or catabolic

A

Either

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9
Q

What does catabolism provide

A

Energy for cell processes from ‘fuel’ molecules

Provides energy for anabolism

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10
Q

What is the primary (but not only way) which catabolism provides energy for anabolism

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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11
Q

How is adipose tissue specialised for energy

A

85% fat

Storage of energy-rich molecules

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12
Q

How is liver specialised for energy

A

Metabolically active

E.g. Gluconeogenesis (removal of toxins)

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13
Q

What are the 3 main dietary energy sources

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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14
Q

How does the body store dietary fuels

A

Adipose tissue (fat) - only approx. 15% water

Carbohydrates as glycogen in liver and muscles

Protein in muscles (80% water)

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15
Q

What are the three way things happen to excess energy intake

A

Stores as triglycerides in adipose

Store as glycogen

Store as protein

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16
Q

Approximately how much weight is stored as triglycerides in adipose

A

15kg

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17
Q

Approximately how much weight is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle

A

200g in liver

80g in liver after overnight fast

150g in muscle

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18
Q

Approximately how much weight is stored as protein in muscle

A

6kg

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19
Q

How much energy is there per gram in carbohydrate

A

4kcal/g

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20
Q

How much energy is there per gram in protein

A

4kcal/g

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21
Q

How much energy is there per gram in alcohol

A

7kcal/g

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22
Q

How much energy is there per gram in lipid

A

9kcal/g

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23
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

A measure of the energy required to maintain non-exercise bodily functions

(Energy needed to stay alive at rest)

24
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect BMR

A

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, core body temperature, appetite, sympathetic activity etc.

25
Q

What factors can affect a decreasing BMR

A

Age
Gender
Dieting/Starvation
Hypothyroidism
Decreased muscle mass

26
Q

Why does muscle mass effect BMR

A

Muscle cells require more energy to maintain than fat cells

(As we get older tend to loose fat, explains why BMR tends to decrease with age)

27
Q

What factors can increase BMR

A

Body weight (BMI)
Hyperthyroidism
Low ambient temperature
Fever/infection/chronic disease

28
Q

What are the NHS nutrition guidelines recommended for patients in kCal/kg/d for anyone who are not severely ill or injured, nor at risk of re-feeding syndrome

A

25-35 kCal/kg/day

29
Q

In grams how much glucose does the brain require a day

A

150g

30
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

During longer period of fasting/starvation, glucose must be formed form non-carbohydrate sources

31
Q

After an overnight fast what happens to the body

A

Decrease insulin
Glycogenolysis

32
Q

What happens after 2-4 days of starvation

A

Decrease insulin

Increase cortisol

Lipolysis and Proteolysis

33
Q

What does gluconeogenesis use

A

Lactate
Amino acids - muscle, intestine, skin
Glycerol - fat breakdown

34
Q

After more than 4 days of starvation what happens to the body

A

Liver converts ketones from fatty acids

Brain adapt to using ketones

BMR decreases

35
Q

Define malnutrition

A

A state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, causing measurable adverse effects

36
Q

What is re-feeing syndrome

A

Danger of feeding too fast

Re-distribution of phosphate, potassium, magnesium etc. due to insulin

Switch back to carbohydrates as the main fuel source requires phosphate and thiamine

37
Q

What is the key information about vitamin C

A

Heat liable

Collagen synthesis

Improve iron absorption

Antioxidant

38
Q

What is the key information of vitamin B12

A

Protein synthesis

DNA synthesis

Regenerate folate

Fatty acid synthesis

Energy production

39
Q

What does vitamin B1 (Thiamine) do

A

Help with energy production in your body

40
Q

What does vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) do

A

Helps with energy production in your body

Helps your body use other B vitamins

41
Q

What does vitamin B3 (niacin) do

A

Helps your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrate to make energy

Help enzymes work properly in your body

42
Q

What does biotin do

A

Allows your body to use protein, fat, carbohydrate from food

43
Q

What does vitamin B6 do (pyridoxin)

A

Helps your body to make and use protein and glycogen which is the stored energy in your muscles and liver

Helps form haemoglobin which carries oxygen in your blood

44
Q

What does vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) do

A

Works with the vitamin folate to make DNA

Helps to make healthy blood cells

Low levels of vitamin B12 can cause a type of anaemia

Keeps nerves working properly

45
Q

What does folate (folic acid) do

A

Helps produce and maintain DNA and cells

Helps to make red blood cells and prevent anaemia

Getting enough folic acid lowers the risk of having a baby with birth defects like spina bifida

46
Q

What does vitamin C do

A

May help prevent cell damage and reduce risk of certain cancers, heart disease and other disease

Collagen synthesis (helps heal cuts and wounds and keeps gums healthy)

Keeps immune system healthy

Increases amount of iron body absorbs from food

47
Q

What does vitamin A do

A

Helps see at day and night

Protects you from infections by keeping skin and other body parts healthy

Promotes normal growth and development

48
Q

What does carotenoids do

A

Not vitamins - can turn into vitamin A in the body

Act as antioxidants which protect body from damage caused by harmful molecules caused by free radicals

49
Q

What does vitamin D do

A

Increases the amount of calcium and phosphorus your body absorbs from foods

Deposits calcium and phosphorus in bones and teeth, making them stronger and healthier

Protects against infections by keeping your immune system healthy

50
Q

What does vitamin E do

A

Helps maintain a healthy immune system

Acts as antioxidant and protects cells from damage

51
Q

What does vitamin K do

A

Makes proteins that cause our blood to clot

Involved in making body proteins for your blood, bones and kidneys

52
Q

How much protein should be consumed a day

A

0.8g/kg/day

53
Q

What is the maximum amount of saturated fat consumed a day

A

Man 30g
Woman 20g

54
Q

What is the maximum amount of energy consumed by free sugars a day

A

5%

55
Q

What is the maximum amount of sodium (salt) a day

A

2.4g sodium

6g salt

56
Q

How much units is recommended a week

A

14 units (over more than 3 days)

IMMS (16 decks)

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