Metab

Question 0

How many Joules in a Calorie?

Answer 0

4.19

Question 1

What is the daily energy expenditure of a:
70kg Male?
58kg Female?

Answer 1

70Kg Male=12 000KJ

58Kg Female = 9 500KJ

Question 2

Why is fat a necessary part of the diet? 3 reasons.

Answer 2

Absorb fat soluble vitamins D,A,K,E
Structural component of cell membranes
Precursors of Regulatory molecules eg Eicosanoids

Question 3

Give an example of an essential fatty acid.

Answer 3

Linoleic

Question 4

What is the necessary daily intake of protein?

Answer 4

35g

Question 5

What is the Daily water loss?

Answer 5

2.5 litres

Question 6

What is the minimum daily glucose intake?

What proportion is used on glucose requiring tissue, eg RBC, and the CNS

Answer 6

180g
40g for glucose requiring tissue eg RBC
140g for CNS

Question 7

What type of diet causes Marasmus?

Answer 7

Protein and Carbohydrate deficiency

Question 8

What are the symptoms of Marasmus? List three.

Other possible symptoms?

Answer 8

Emaciated, muscle wasting, thin and dry hair
Possible diarrhoea and anaemia
NO ODEMA

Question 9

What type of diet causes Kwashriorkor?

Answer 9

Some Carbohydrates but very low protein intake.

Question 10

What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor? List 4

Other possible symptoms?

Answer 10

Apathetic, Lethargic, Anorexic, Heapatomegaly or ascites (accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity ie Odema)
Possible anaemia

Question 11

Does Marasmus or Kwashiorkor result in Odema and why?

Answer 11

Kwashiorkor.
No muscle wasting hence (as it is not required to get energy) resulting in a low serum albumin concentration, causing water to move into the tissue fluid.

Question 12

The equation for BMI

Answer 12

Weight (kg) / Height x Height (m)

Question 13

What BMI range indicates some one is underweight?

Answer 13

Lower then 18.5

Question 14

What BMI range indicates that someone is obese?

Answer 14

30-35

Question 15

What BMI range indicates someone is severely obese?

Answer 15

Above 35

Question 16

What type of hormone control is local release via ducts/endocrine?

Answer 16

Para crime control

Question 17

What type of hormone control effects the cell that releases the hormone?

Answer 17

Autocrine

Question 18

What are the two branches of the peripheral nervousness system. What is their input/output?

Answer 18

Afferent branch, sensory input

Efferent branch, motor output

Question 19

What is the function of cortisol?

Answer 19

Indicate low blood glucose levels

Question 20

Addison’s disease

Answer 20

Hypo activity of adrenal cortex hence low blood cortisol concentration.

Question 21

Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 21

Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex resulting in high cortisol blood concentration.

Question 22

Define cell metabolism.

Answer 22

Highly integrated network of chemical reactions that occur within cells.

Question 23

What is an exertion id reaction?

Answer 23

One that releases energy.

Gibbs Free Energy change is negative.

Question 24

What enzyme catalyses the formation of creatine phosphate from creatine?

Answer 24

Creatine kinase

Question 25

What high ratio activates catabolic reactions?

Answer 25

ADP/AMP

Question 26

What high ratio stimulates anabolic reactions?

Answer 26

ATP/ADP

Question 27

What are the two types of monosaccharide?

Answer 27

Aldosterone and Ketose

Question 28

What is the name of the bond between monosaccharides?

Answer 28

Glycosidic

Question 29

What is sucrose made of?

Answer 29

Glucose and Fructose

Question 30

What is lactose made of?

Answer 30

Galactose and glucose

Question 31

What is maltose made of?

Answer 31

Glucose-Glucose

Question 32

Why can we not digest cellulose?

Answer 32

It contains beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. We do not have enzymes to break this bond.

Question 33

What type of enzyme catalyses the break down of polysaccharides? What are they made of?

Answer 33

Glycosidase enzymes, made from large glycoprotein complexes.

Question 34

What are the 4 main enzymes involved in the catabolism of disaccharides?

Answer 34

Lactase, Glycoamylase, Sucrase, Isomaltase.

Question 35

What is step 1 of glycolysis? Which enzyme catalyses it?

Answer 35

Glucose -> Glucose 6 Phosphate Hexokinase Glucokinase in the liver

Question 36

What is step 3 of glycolysis? Which enzyme catalyses it?

Answer 36

Fructose 6 Phosphate -> Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate | Phosphofructo kinase 1

Question 37

What is step 10 of glycolysis? what enzyme catalyses it?

Answer 37

Phosphoenolpyruvate -> Pyruvate | Pyruvate kinase

Question 38

What enzyme catalyses the production of lactate from pyruvate?

Answer 38

Lactase dehydrogenase

Question 39

What is the normal plasma concentration range of lactate?

Answer 39

>1mM

Question 40

What occurs when the plasma lactate concentration rises above 5mM?

Answer 40

It exceeds the renal threshold, buffers cannot resist the change in pH hence lactic acidosis occurs.

Question 41

What is the process of converting galactose to glucose-6-phosphate? What enzymes are involved?

Answer 41

Galactose -> Galactose 1 Phosphate -> Glucose 1 Phosphate -> Glucose 6 Phosphate Galactokinase Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase.

Question 42

Which enzyme is most likely to have a reduced activity in Galactosaemoa?

Answer 42

Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase

Question 43

What alternative reaction will occur in Galactosaemia, and hence what is there a build up of? What does this reaction deplete?

Answer 43

Galactose -> galactitol | NADPH->NADP

Question 44

What are the symptoms of Galactosaemia?

Answer 44

Cataracts, raised intra-ocular pressure that can lead to blindness, Damage to liver, kidney and brain as phosphate locked in galactose 1 phosphate. Heinz bodies forming , this could lead to anaemia and jaundice.

Question 45

Why does a lack of NADPH result in cataracts and Heinz bodies forming

Answer 45

The NADPH maintains a reducing environment to prevent cysteine in proteins from storming disulfide bridges between themselves. If these bridges form the strucure of the protein will be altered. Hence in the eye it no longer has a crystalline structure.