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Semester 1 > Metab > Flashcards

Metab Flashcards

0
Q

How many Joules in a Calorie?

A

4.19

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1
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure of a:
70kg Male?
58kg Female?

A

70Kg Male=12 000KJ

58Kg Female = 9 500KJ

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2
Q

Why is fat a necessary part of the diet? 3 reasons.

A

Absorb fat soluble vitamins D,A,K,E
Structural component of cell membranes
Precursors of Regulatory molecules eg Eicosanoids

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3
Q

Give an example of an essential fatty acid.

A

Linoleic

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4
Q

What is the necessary daily intake of protein?

A

35g

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5
Q

What is the Daily water loss?

A

2.5 litres

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6
Q

What is the minimum daily glucose intake?

What proportion is used on glucose requiring tissue, eg RBC, and the CNS

A

180g
40g for glucose requiring tissue eg RBC
140g for CNS

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7
Q

What type of diet causes Marasmus?

A

Protein and Carbohydrate deficiency

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Marasmus? List three.

Other possible symptoms?

A

Emaciated, muscle wasting, thin and dry hair
Possible diarrhoea and anaemia
NO ODEMA

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9
Q

What type of diet causes Kwashriorkor?

A

Some Carbohydrates but very low protein intake.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor? List 4

Other possible symptoms?

A

Apathetic, Lethargic, Anorexic, Heapatomegaly or ascites (accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity ie Odema)
Possible anaemia

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11
Q

Does Marasmus or Kwashiorkor result in Odema and why?

A

Kwashiorkor.
No muscle wasting hence (as it is not required to get energy) resulting in a low serum albumin concentration, causing water to move into the tissue fluid.

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12
Q

The equation for BMI

A

Weight (kg) / Height x Height (m)

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13
Q

What BMI range indicates some one is underweight?

A

Lower then 18.5

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14
Q

What BMI range indicates that someone is obese?

A

30-35

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15
Q

What BMI range indicates someone is severely obese?

A

Above 35

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16
Q

What type of hormone control is local release via ducts/endocrine?

A

Para crime control

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17
Q

What type of hormone control effects the cell that releases the hormone?

A

Autocrine

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18
Q

What are the two branches of the peripheral nervousness system. What is their input/output?

A

Afferent branch, sensory input

Efferent branch, motor output

19
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

Indicate low blood glucose levels

20
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hypo activity of adrenal cortex hence low blood cortisol concentration.

21
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex resulting in high cortisol blood concentration.

22
Q

Define cell metabolism.

A

Highly integrated network of chemical reactions that occur within cells.

23
Q

What is an exertion id reaction?

A

One that releases energy.

Gibbs Free Energy change is negative.

24
Q

What enzyme catalyses the formation of creatine phosphate from creatine?

A

Creatine kinase

25
Q

What high ratio activates catabolic reactions?

A

ADP/AMP

26
Q

What high ratio stimulates anabolic reactions?

A

ATP/ADP

27
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharide?

A

Aldosterone and Ketose

28
Q

What is the name of the bond between monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic

29
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose and Fructose

30
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Galactose and glucose

31
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

Glucose-Glucose

32
Q

Why can we not digest cellulose?

A

It contains beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. We do not have enzymes to break this bond.

33
Q

What type of enzyme catalyses the break down of polysaccharides? What are they made of?

A

Glycosidase enzymes, made from large glycoprotein complexes.

34
Q

What are the 4 main enzymes involved in the catabolism of disaccharides?

A

Lactase, Glycoamylase, Sucrase, Isomaltase.

35
Q

What is step 1 of glycolysis? Which enzyme catalyses it?

A

Glucose -> Glucose 6 Phosphate
Hexokinase
Glucokinase in the liver

36
Q

What is step 3 of glycolysis? Which enzyme catalyses it?

A

Fructose 6 Phosphate -> Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Phosphofructo kinase 1

37
Q

What is step 10 of glycolysis? what enzyme catalyses it?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate -> Pyruvate

Pyruvate kinase

38
Q

What enzyme catalyses the production of lactate from pyruvate?

A

Lactase dehydrogenase

39
Q

What is the normal plasma concentration range of lactate?

A

> 1mM

40
Q

What occurs when the plasma lactate concentration rises above 5mM?

A

It exceeds the renal threshold, buffers cannot resist the change in pH hence lactic acidosis occurs.

41
Q

What is the process of converting galactose to glucose-6-phosphate? What enzymes are involved?

A

Galactose -> Galactose 1 Phosphate -> Glucose 1 Phosphate
-> Glucose 6 Phosphate
Galactokinase
Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase.

42
Q

Which enzyme is most likely to have a reduced activity in Galactosaemoa?

A

Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase

43
Q

What alternative reaction will occur in Galactosaemia, and hence what is there a build up of?
What does this reaction deplete?

A

Galactose -> galactitol

NADPH->NADP

44
Q

What are the symptoms of Galactosaemia?

A

Cataracts, raised intra-ocular pressure that can lead to blindness,
Damage to liver, kidney and brain as phosphate locked in galactose 1 phosphate.
Heinz bodies forming , this could lead to anaemia and jaundice.

45
Q

Why does a lack of NADPH result in cataracts and Heinz bodies forming

A

The NADPH maintains a reducing environment to prevent cysteine in proteins from storming disulfide bridges between themselves. If these bridges form the strucure of the protein will be altered.
Hence in the eye it no longer has a crystalline structure.

Semester 1 (2 decks)

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