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SSC script > Met Dissection > Flashcards

Met Dissection Flashcards

1
Q

what is the inguinal ligament formed by

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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2
Q

what forms the cremaster muscle

A

internal oblique

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3
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do

A

 Cremaster muscle covers the testis and spermatic cord, helping to raise or lower the
testes so scrotal temperature can be regulated for optimal spermatogenesis.

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4
Q

where do the superior and inferior epigastric vessels come from

A

 The superior epigastric arteries originate from the internal thoracic, while the
inferior epigastric arteries stem from the external iliac artery.

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5
Q

where do the superior and inferior epigastric vessels anastomose

A
  • they anastomose at the umbilicus
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6
Q

where does the superficial epigastric vein anastomose with

A

 The superficial epigastric vein anastomoses with the lateral thoracic vein in the
superficial fascia.

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7
Q

where do the thoraco-abdominal nerves stem from

A

 The Thoraco-abdominal nerves stem from T8-11 intercostal and the subcostal nerve.

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8
Q

where do the thoraco-abdominal nerves travel between

A

 They travel between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus to innervate
rectus abdominus.

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9
Q

where is the arcuate line found between

A

 The arcuate line is found ½ between the umbilicus and the pubic crest.

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10
Q

what is the rectus sheath formed by

A

 The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeurosis of the external and internal oblique
and transversus abdominis.

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11
Q

describe what happens to the inferior epigastric vessels below and above the arcuate line

A

 At this point the inferior epigastric vessels are contained within the rectus sheath
behind the rectus abdominis muscle.
 Below the line, the rectus sheath only passes anteriorly to the rectus abdominis, and
at this point the inferior epigastric vessels are no longer contained in the sheath.

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12
Q

below the arcuate line what is the only structure that remains posterior to the rectus abdomins muscle

A

 The only structure to remain posterior to the rectus abdominis muscle is the transversalis fascia.

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13
Q

what is the contents of the inguinal canal

A
  • Ilioinguinal nerve.
  • Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (cremaster muscle hence reflex).
  • Spermatic cord (men).
  • Round ligament of the uterus (women).
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14
Q

where is the superificial ring found

A

 The superficial ring is found directly above the pubic crest.

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15
Q

where is the deep inguinal ring found

A

 the deep ring is the entrance to the inguinal canal and it is found 1/2 an inch above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

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16
Q

what is the difference between a direct and indirect hernia

A

• Direct hernia:

  • Direct free kick = go through the wall.
  • It lies medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, and rarely enters the scrotum.
  • It is more common in elderly men with weakened abdominal walls.

• Indirect hernia:

  • Indirect free kick = pass through a channel.
  • Enters the inguinal canal following the spermatic cord, and so passes lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels.
  • More common in children following injury
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17
Q

what is between the 2 layers of peritoneum

A

the peritoneal cavity, this contains the peritoneal fluid

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18
Q

how are the greater and lesser sacs attached

A

• These are connected via the omental/epiploic foramen and may fill with liquid during pathology.

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19
Q

what is the epiploic sac

A

• This is the passage of communication between the greater and lesser sac.

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20
Q

what is the borders of the epiploic sac formed by

A
  • The anterior border is formed by the free border of the lesser omentum; the hepatoduodenal ligament.
  • The posterior border is the peritoneum covering the IVC.
  • The superior and inferior borders are formed by the peritoneum covering the liver and duodenum respectively.
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21
Q

what does the lesser oemntum/hepatoduodenal ligament contain

A

• This contains the bile duct, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.

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22
Q

name some intraperiotenal organs

A
  • Liver.
  • Spleen.
  • Stomach.
  • 1st part of the duodenum.
  • Small intestines.
  • Transverse colon.
  • Sigmoid colon.
  • Upper 1/3 rectum.
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23
Q

name some retroperiotenal organs

A
  • Rest of the duodenum.
  • Ascending and descending colon.
  • Rest of rectum.
  • Pancreas (except tail).
  • Kidneys and adrenal glands.
  • IVC and aorta
24
Q

where is the gall bladder found

A

• It is usually found at the tip of the 9th costal cartilage, in a mid-clavicular line.

25
Q

what is calots triangle

A

• Calot’s triangle (hepatobiliary triangle) is a region between the cystic duct and common bile duct that has many lymph nodes damaged in cholecystitis.

26
Q

describe the parts of the duodenum

A
  • The 1st part of the duodenum is a continuation from the pylorus; the superior part.
  • The superior part is attached to the hepatoduodenal ligament.
  • The 2nd part is the descending section, it is anterior to the right kidney hilum.
  • The 3rd part becomes horizontal, the SMA passes anteriorly while the IMA posteriorly.
  • The 4th part is the ascending section that joins the jejunum at L2.
27
Q

describe the branches of the coeliac trunk and what they give of

A

• Left gastric branch:

  • Oesophageal branches rising upwards.
  • Left gastric branch (left lesser curvature region).
•	Common hepatic branch:
-	Hepatic artery proper.
-	Right gastric artery.
-	Gastroduodenal artery:
	Right gastroepiploic.
	Superior pancreaticoduodenal.

• Splenic branch:

  • Short gastric arteries.
  • Left gastroepiploic.
  • Greater pancreatic artery
28
Q

what is the order of the jenumum, ileum and the duodenum

A

1, duodenum
2, jejunum
3, ileum

29
Q

what is the difference between the jejunum and ilieum

A
  • Jejunum has less fat inside the mesentery than the ileum.
  • Jejunum has thicker walls and larger lumen.
  • Jejunum has larger and more frequent circular folds.
  • Jejunum has less complex arterial arcades.
  • Jejunum has longer and less vasa recta.
  • Ileum contains Peyer’s patches
30
Q

where is mcburnelys point

A
  • McBurnely’s point is the name given to the common surface location of the base of the appendix.
  • McBurnely’s point is found over the right side, 1/3 of the distance from the ASIS to the umbilicus.
31
Q

what is the appendix

A
  • The appendix is a tube connected to the cecum on the large intestine.
  • It is thought to be associated with maintaining gut flora and aiding the immune system.
32
Q

what parts of the colon are retroperiotenal and what parts are intraperiotenal

A
  • Of these, the: ascending colon, descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal.
  • The Cecum, appendix, transverse colon and sigmoid colon are all intraperitoneal.
33
Q

what are the levels of the branches of the aorta

A

coeliac - T12
SMA - L1
IMA - L3

34
Q

where does the pancreatic and bile duct join

A

• The pancreatic duct joins the bile duct at the descending duodenum (2nd part).

35
Q

describe gonadal vessels

A
  • The gonadal arteries branch directly from the aorta at L2, inferior to the origin of the renal arteries.
  • As they move inferiorly they both cross the ureters anteriorly.
  • The left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein, but the right gonadal vein drains into the IVC.
36
Q

describe the difference between the right and left adrenal glands

A

right - pyramidal shape whereas the left is crescent shaped

- The left adrenal vein drains into the left renal vein, but the right adrenal vein into the IVC.

37
Q

describe the adernal arteries

A

superior - branches from the inferior phrenic artery

  • middle - abdominal aorta
  • inferior - right and left renal arteries
38
Q

where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

L4

39
Q

where does posas major form

A
  • Psoas major stems from the lumbar vertebra to the lesser trochanter.
  • It joins iliacus to form iliopsoas.
40
Q

what does psoas major do ( iliopsoas)

A

• Together they perform flexion of the hip joint (sitting down) and vertebra.

41
Q

what does psoas minor do

A
  • Psoas minor is anterior and medial to psoas major, it weakly flexes the vertebral column.
  • 40% people have psoas minor missing.
42
Q

where does quadratus lumborum arise from

A

• Arises from the 12th rib and attaches to the iliac crest.

43
Q

what does quadratus lumborum do

A

• Flexes the vertebral column, and anchors the 12th rib during inspiration.

44
Q

what is more posterior quadratus lumborum or transversus abdominis

A

• Transversus abdominis is posterior to quadratus lumborum.

45
Q

where does the vas deferns pass

A
  • The vas deferens passes anteriorly over the surface of the bladder to reach the seminal vesicles.
  • They also pass superior and medial to the internal iliac artery.
46
Q

what are the constriction points for the ureters

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction.
  • Angle change at the common iliac bifurcation.
  • Opening into the trigone.
47
Q 
where do the 
- ovarian artery 
- uterine artery 
- vaginal arteries 
originate from
A
  • The ovarian artery branches directly from the abdominal aorta.
  • The uterine and vaginal arteries both branch from the internal iliac artery
48
Q

describe the ligaments of the female reporductive system

A
  • The broad ligaments is a broad sheet across the ovarian region.
  • The ovarian ligament attaches the ovaries to the uterus.
  • The suspensory ligament carries the ovarian vessels and attaches to the pelvic wall.
  • The round ligament enters the inguinal canal and maintains the uterine position.
49
Q

what ligament carries the ovarian vessels

A

the suspensory ligament

50
Q

describe the pouches

A
  • The rectouterine pouch is also known as the pouch of Douglas.
  • This region is the rectovesicular region in males.
  • The Vesicouterine is the space between the uterus and bladder in females.
51
Q

what are the nerve roots of the lumar plexus

A

T12-L4

52
Q

describe the branches of the lumbar plexus

A
  • The lumbar plexus is from T12-L4, and is formed with psoas major.
  • The genital branch of the genitofemoral passes through the inguinal canal to innervate the cremaster muscle.
  • The femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve passes under the inguinal ligament, innervating the skin next to this region.
  • The subcostal nerve is from T12.
  • The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) pass anteriorly to quadratus lumborum.
  • They do not separate until they reach transversus abdominus.
  • The Thoraco-abdominal nerves travel between transversus abdominus and the internal oblique, they innervate the rectus abdominus muscle inferiorly and the pubis region
53
Q

what does the mucous memrbane do in the bladder

A
  • it lies in folds to accommodate expansion
54
Q

what are the parts of the fallopain tube

A

isthmus is closed to the uterus

  • ampulla
  • infundibulum
  • fimbriae
55
Q

where do most ectopic pregnancies occur

A

ampulla

56
Q

what are the nerve roots of the sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

57
Q

name the pelvic floor muscles

A

levator ani

  • illiococcygeus
  • pubococcygeus
  • puborectalis
  • coccygeous

SSC script (4 decks)

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