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2 - CR/MET > Met anatomy > Flashcards

Met anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

External oblique fibres

A

Inferomedially

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2
Q

Internal oblique fibres

A

Superomedially

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3
Q

Rectus sheath

A

Encloses rectus abdominus

Made up of the aponeuroses of the external and internal obliques and the transversus abdominus

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4
Q

Where is the arcuate line found?

A

Midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis

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5
Q

Above the arcuate line

A

Rectus sheath either side of rectus abdominus

Epigastric vessels within rectus sheath

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6
Q

Below arcuate line

A

Rectus sheath only anterior to rectus abdominus
Rectus abdominus in contact with transversalis fascia
Epigastric vessels outside rectus sheath

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7
Q

Structures passing under inguinal ligament

Lateral –> medial

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral canal (lymphatics)

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8
Q

Spermatic cord layers

A 
Internal spermatic fascia 
Cremaster muscle 
External spermatic fascia 
Dartos muscle 
Skin
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9
Q

Inguinal triangle borders

Hesselbach’ triangle

A 
Medial = lateral border of rectus abdominus 
Lateral = inferior epigastric vessels 
Inferior = inguinal ligament
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10
Q

Conjoint tendon

A

Fusion of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transverse abdominus

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11
Q

Midpoint of inguinal ligament

A

Halfway between ASIS and PT

Deep inguinal ring

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12
Q

Mid-inguinal point

A

Halfway between ASIS and PS

Femoral artery

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13
Q

Pituitary blood supply

A

Superior hypophyseal artery from ophthalmic artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery from cavernous ICA
Hypophyseal veins –> cavernous sinus

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14
Q

Cavernous sinus contents

A

ICA, CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI

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15
Q

What passes through SOF

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI

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16
Q

Pringle manoeuvre

A

Clamping of duodenal end of lesser omentum

Restricts blood flow –> liver

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17
Q

Normal portal and IVC pressures

A 
Portal = 9mmHg 
IVC = 2-6mmHg
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18
Q

Pressure difference for portal hypertension

A

Portal - IVC >10mmmHg

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19
Q

Anal canal above pectinate/dentate line

A

Endoderm origin
Superior rectal artery artery and vein (portal circulation)
Inferior hypogastric plexus
Columnar epithelium
Lymph –> internal iliac nodes
Haemorrhoids here are internal and painless

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20
Q

Anal canal below pectinate/dentate line

A 
Ectoderm origin 
Inferior rectal artery and vein (systemic circulation) 
Inferior rectal nerve (pudendal) 
Stratified squamous epithelium 
Lymph --> inguinal nodes 
Haemorrhoids are external and painful
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21
Q

Which systemic veins does the umbilical vein connect to?

A 
Superior = intercostal veins 
Inferior = inferior epigastric veins
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22
Q

Grey-Turner sign

A

Flank bruising

Sign of retroperitoneal haemorrhage

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23
Q

Rate of bile secretion

A

40ml/hour

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24
Q

How much bile can the gallbladder hold?

A

50ml

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25
Q

Referred pain of cholecystitis

A

Right flank and shoulder

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26
Q

Blood supply to gallbladder

A

Cystic artery from right hepatic artery

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27
Q

Calot’s triangle

A

Liver
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct

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28
Q

Where is the heptorenal recess found

A

Between liver and right kidney

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29
Q

Psoas major attachments

A

Vertebral bodies of T12-L5

–> lesser trochanter

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30
Q

Quadratus lumborum attachments

A

Transverse processes of L1-5

–> iliac crests

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31
Q

Gerota’s fascia

A

Renal fascia surrounding kidneys, adrenal and perirenal fat

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32
Q

Renal plexus roots

A

T10-12

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33
Q

Renal referred pain

A

Flanks and small of the back

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34
Q

Ureter nerve supply

A

T11-L1/2
Loin pain = iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal
Groin pain = genitofemoral

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35
Q

What connect the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

Medial umbilical ligament

Remnant of the urachus

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36
Q

Layers of the bladder

A

Adventitia
Detrusor
Transitional epithelium

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37
Q

Trigone

A

Triangle formed by the ureteric orifices and urethral orifice
Smooth walls
More prone to infection

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38
Q

Mesonephric ducts

A

= Wollfian ducts
Form male reproductive tract
Degenerate in females (except the lower portion)

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39
Q

Paramesonephric ducts

A

= Mullerian ducts
Form oviduct in females
Degenerate in males

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40
Q

3 embryonic kidneys

A

Pronephric
Mesonephric
Metanephric

41
Q

Metanephric kidney formation

A

Ureteric bud grows out of the mesonephric duct

Joins the metanephric bud (mass of mesenchymal tissue)

42
Q

Ureteric bud goes on to form…

A

Ureter,
Renal pelvis
Major and minor calyces
Collecting ducts

43
Q

Metanephric bud goes on to form…

A

Renal corpuscle
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT

44
Q

Embryonic vs final level of the kidney

A 
Embryonic = S1 
Final = T12
45
Q

Ectopic kidney

A

= failure for kidney to ascend

46
Q

Kidney agenesis

A

Failure of kidneys to form

Failure off ureteric bud to grow or to come into contact with metanephric bud

47
Q

Consequences of bilateral kidney agenesis

A

No formation of amniotic fluid = oligohydraminos
Lungs do not develop
Club foot
Death

48
Q

Pancake vs horseshoe kidney

A 
Pancake = both poles fused 
Horseshoe = one pole fused
49
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

Kidneys develop fluid filled cysts
Autosomal dominant = polyctsin (cilia) mutation
Autosomal eccessive = fibrocystin mutation

50
Q

Parotid gland opening

A

Opposite second upper molar

51
Q

Parotid gland innervation

52
Q

Sublingual gland opening

A

Plica sublingualis

53
Q

Sublingual gland innervation

A

CN VII (chords tympani)

54
Q

Submandibular gland opening

A

Either side of the frenulum

55
Q

Submandibular gland innervation

A

CN VII (chords tympani)

56
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

57
Q

Muscles of mastication innervation

A

V3 of CN V

58
Q

Tongue innervation

59
Q

Muscles of the soft palate innervation

A 
CN X (pharyngeal nerve) 
Nerve to tensor veli palatini - CN V3
60
Q

Laryngeal closure nerve

A

Recurrent laryngeal

61
Q

Oesophagus nerve supply

A 
Upper = recurrent laryngeal 
Lower = vagus
62
Q

Extent of oesophagus

A

C6 –> T10

63
Q

UOS

A

Cricopharyngeus = skeletal muscle

64
Q

Where can objects lodge in the oesophagus

A

UOS
Aortic narrowing
LOS

65
Q

Spermatic cord contents

A 
Testicular artery and vein 
Cremasteric artery and vein 
Artery to vas deferens 
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Vas deferens 
Lymph vessels 
Processus vaginalis 
Autonomic nerves
66
Q

What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral branch innervate?

A

Cremaster muscle
Scrotal skin
Mons pubis and labia majora

67
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Liver (around portal hepatis) –> lesser curvature of the stomach
Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments
Porta hepatis runs in free border

68
Q

Visceral abdominal pain

A 
Foregut = T6-9 = epigastric
Midgut = T8-12 = umbilical 
Hindgut = T12-L2 = suprapubic
69
Q

Where is pain felt in diverticular disease

70
Q

Where is volvulus most common?

A

Caecum and sigmoid colon

71
Q

Splenic artery branches

A

Short gastric

Left gastroepiploic

72
Q

Hepatic artery proper branches

A

Right gastric
Left hepatic
Right hepatic
–> cystic

73
Q

Gastroduodenal artery branches

A

Right gastroepiploic

Superior pancreaticoduodenal

74
Q

Vasa recta in jejunum vs ileum

A

Longer and fewer in jejunum

More and shorter in ileum

75
Q

SMA branches

A

Middle colic
Right colic
Jejunal and ill
Iliocolic

76
Q

IMA branches

A

Left colic
Sigmoidal
Superior rectal

77
Q

Peritoneal covering of the rectum

A

1st 1/3 = covered anteriorly and laterally
2nd 1/3 = covered anteriorly
3rd 1/3 = not covered

78
Q

Rectum blood supply

A

Superior rectal = from IMA
Middle rectal = from internal iliac
Inferior rectal = from pudendal

79
Q

Internal anal sphincter innervation

A

Parasympathetic via pelvic splanchnic nerves

80
Q

External anal sphincter innervation

A

Inferior rectal nerve

81
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

Engorged veins within the anal cushions

82
Q

Extent of the thyroid

A

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage

–> 4th/5th tracheal ring

83
Q

Thyroid arterial supply

A

Superior thyroid artery from ECA
Inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunk (SCA)
Thyroid ima artery from brachiocephalic trunk

84
Q

Thyroid venous drainage

A

Superior thyroid vein –> IJV
Middle thyroid vein –> IVJ
Inferior thyroid vein –> brachiocephalic vein

85
Q

Right vs left adrenal gland shapes

A 
Right = pyramidal 
Left = crescent shaped
86
Q

Adrenal arterial supply

A 
Superior = from inferior phrenic 
Middle = from aorta 
Inferior = from renal artery
87
Q

Adrenal venous drainage

A
  • -> IVC on right

- -> renal vein on left

88
Q

Pancreas uncinate process

A

Projects off from the head

SMA and SMV pass over it

89
Q

Pancreas blood supply

A 
Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery 
Superior pancreaticoduodenal (gastroduodenal) 
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (SMA)
90
Q

Caudate vs quadrate lobes

A 
Quadrate = anterior 
Caudate = posterior
91
Q

Nutmeg liver

A

Red spots on surface

Caused by congestive heart failure

92
Q

Abdominal aorta branches

A 
T12 = coeliac trunk 
L1 = SMA 
L1/2 = renal arteries 
L2 = gonadal arteries 
L3 = IMA 
L4 = bifurcation
93
Q

IVC course in the abdomen

A

Common iliac veins join at L5
Receive blood from renal veins, suprarenal veins and gonadal veins
Passes through diaphragm at T8

94
Q

Renal artery divisions

A
  • -> segmental arteries
  • -> interloper arteries
  • -> arcuate arteries
  • -> interlobular arteries
95
Q

Course of the ureter

A 
Out of kidney at hilum 
Travels over psoas major 
Pass over common iliac bifurcation at the pelvic brim 
Pass laterally around the pelvis 
Turn medially to empty into the bladder
96
Q

3 ureteric narrowing points

A

PUJ
Pelvic brim
CUJ

97
Q

Level of adrenal glands

98
Q

Ureters in relation in female arteries

A

Pass under ovarian arteries at pelvic brim

Pass under uterine arteries either side of the cervix

2 - CR/MET (8 decks)

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