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Mesoderm > Mesoderm 1 > Flashcards

Mesoderm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The mesoderm is formed before the formation of the primitive streak. True of False?

A

False. It is formed after.

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2
Q

What is the inducing factor?

A

Probably the protein Nodal.

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3
Q

What is a triploblast?

A

An animal with three germ layers.

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4
Q

Mesoderm cells that ingress through the primitive node contribute to what structure?

A

The notochord.

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5
Q

What holds the notochord back from the prechordal plate?

A

A cushion of prechordal mesoderm.

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6
Q

Mesoderm cells that ingress through the primitive streak form what three layers of mesoderm?

A

Paraxial, Intermediate, Lateral Plate mesoderm.

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7
Q

What patterns the mesoderm?

A

Signals from the node, prechordal plate and notochord.

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8
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A rod of mesoderm cells that helps to pattern various components of the main body axis by induction.

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9
Q

Most of the notochord degenerates and is replaced by what?

A

Axial skeleton

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10
Q

Where is some of the notochord retained?

A

In the nucleous pulposus of invertabral discs

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11
Q

What main tissues does the mesoderm form?

A

muscle, cartilage/bone, connective tissue, blood, heart, kidney, gonads and reproductive tract.

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12
Q

The notochord is one of the defining features of the phylum Chordata. True or false?

A

True

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13
Q

What axis does the notochord run on?

A

Rostral-caudal

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14
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Somites

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15
Q

What determines the fate of somites?

A

signals from surrounding tissues

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16
Q

what are somites?

A

balls of epithelial cells

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17
Q

how often does a new pair of somites form?

A

every 4-5 hours in human embryos

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18
Q

how many pairs of somites are formed in a human embryo?

A

42-44. Subsequently reduced to 38.

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19
Q

Which end of the paraxial mesoderm do somites bud off from?

A

the rostral end

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20
Q

what are the three main types of somites?

A

Dermatome, mytome and sclerotome.

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21
Q

What does the dermatome form?

A

dermis of dorsal epidermus

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22
Q

what does myotome form?

A

skeletal muscle (striated)

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23
Q

What are two types of myotome?

A

expaxial (back muscles) and hypaxial (chest and abdomenal muscles)

24
Q

What induces expaxial myotome?

A

SHH and WNT

25
Q

What induces hypaxial mytome?

A

SHH and BMP

26
Q

what does sclerotome form?

A

axial skeleton (vertebrae and ribs)

27
Q

what induces sclerotome?

A

SHH

28
Q

What does medial sclerotome form?

A

vertebrae

29
Q

what does lateral sclerotome form?

A

ribs

30
Q

Sclerotome is transformed into a mesenchymal population that migrates around the notochord and neural tube. True or false?

A

True.

31
Q

What three types of lateral plate mesoderm are there?

A

Somatic, spanchnic and ceolem.

32
Q

What does intermediate mesoderm form?

A

kidneys and reproductive tracts

33
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

cardiac muscle, connective tissue and smooth muscle of digestive tract, connective tissue and cartilage and bones of limbs, dermis of ventral skin and blood cells.

34
Q

What is the mesoderm induced by?

A

the prospective endoderm

35
Q

What is one of the first mesodermal genes induced by Nodal?

A

Brachyury

36
Q

What does a remnant of notochord cells in abnormal locations in the axial vertebrae form?

A

Malugnant tumour called a chordoma.

37
Q

What do cells closest to the notochord form?

A

paraxial mesoderm

38
Q

Molecules released by prospective notochord act as what?

A

Morphogens

39
Q

What do morphogens do?

A

pattern the mesoderm in a concentration dependent manner.

40
Q

Signalling properties of the organizer were first demonstrated by who?

A

Spemann and Mangold

41
Q

Spemann and Mangold transplanted the dorsal blastopore (future notochord) of a newt gastrula into the ventral side of a host gastrula. What did the observe?

A

The transplant produced a conjoined twin on the ventral side of the host embryo, in which the notochord was formed by the grafted cells. The paraxial and intermediate mesoderm were formed by host cells that would have otherwise formed the lateral plate mesoderm.

42
Q

Proteins responsible for patterning the mesoderm are:

A

inhibitors of signalling proteins

43
Q

What proteins are responsible for patterning the mesoderm?

A

Chordin and Noggin

44
Q

What protein do Chrodin and Noggin inhibit?

A

BMP

45
Q

If there is a high level of BMP, what mesoderm will arise?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

46
Q

If there is an absence of BMP, what mesoderm will arise?

A

Notochord

47
Q

What do mesoderm cells that migrate throught the node form?

A

Notochord and prechordal plate

48
Q

In which direction do somites appear?

A

rostral to caudal

49
Q

What releases SHH?

A

the notochord and floor plate of the neural tube

50
Q

In reponse to signals from the neural tube and lateral plate mesoderm, dermamyotome splits into what?

A

deratome and myotome

51
Q

what region of the somites is skeletal muscle derived from?

A

myotome

52
Q

what region of the mesoderm are cardiac and smooth muscles derived from?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

53
Q

What does MyoD1 do?

A

regulates muscle differentiation by activating the transcription of muscle-specific genes by binding to a specific DNA sequence found in enhancers

54
Q

what promotes the development of myoblasts?

A

Myogenic transcription factors

55
Q

What are myoblasts?

A

Muscle precursors which indergo many rounds of cell proliferation

56
Q

What maintains cell proliferation?

A

members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family

57
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of?

A

elongated multinucleate myofibres arranged in bundles of fascicles.

Mesoderm (1 decks)

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