Mers et Océans Flashcards
Pourcentages des océans sur la surface de la terre
71%
Pourcentages des océans sur le transport des marchandises
90%
Pourcentages des océans sur le flux internet
99%
En quoi consiste le processus de maritimisation de l’économie et quand a-t-il débuté ?
accroissement des échanges par voie maritime qui s’opère depuis les années 70
Evolution of ships since the 70’s
specialization of ships, the creation of standardized containers (containerization, container ships), a race for gigantism to reduce costs
Important shipowners
Maersk, Cosco, CMA-CGM…
Important ressources
Fishing (mainly in the Pacific, then Atlantic), Algae and corals, offshore (1/3 of global production and 20% of reserves), minerals and sand.
Main economic hubs and other specialized routes
- Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and North Atlantic
- Middle East hydrocarbons, Atlantic agricultural routes
How many of the top 20 ports are in China ?
9
What are the major maritime fronts and why ?
Asia with China or Japan, Europe with the Northern Range, the EU with its megalopolis… → countries that produce and consume a lot.
Suez canal
Egyptian, connects Europe and Asia, avoids the detour around Africa, Egyptian government expansion project in 2015.
Importance of new routhes
The melting of polar ice creates shorter routes but their exploitation remains complicated (only in summer, need for icebreakers…)
BRI
The new Silk Road, started in 2013, (ports in Africa, Asia, Europe), can be critisized as neo-imperialism as it proposes poorer countries unequal deals fot their profit.
Pourcentage of protected oceans
5%
How much of the maritime exchange includes Africa and why ?
4% because of the lack of infrastructure.
Actors in the South China Sea conflict
China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia.
Montego Bay
1982:
Territorial sea: 12 miles
Contiguous zone: 24 miles
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone): 200 - 350 miles
International seabed area
(It also determined the prohibition of hindering passage through straits and the freedom of the high seas.)
Illegal maritime activities
drug trafficking (Caribbean, Atlantic), migrant passage (Mediterranean), piracy → Development of naval military forces.
Important straits
Panama canal, Suez canal, Hormuz, Malacca, Beb-el-Mandeb
7th continent
Pacific, 3 to 6 times the size of France, or micro-particles, chemicals, or oil spills
Panama canal
onnects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, between North and South America.
Hormuz
Controlled by Iran, connects the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, the main oil transport route, historically attacked (Iran/Iraq War 1980).
Malacca
One of the narrowest straits, connects China, India, and Southeast Asia, piracy.
Beb-el-Mandeb
Oil and natural gas, between Africa and the Middle East, connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, conflicts involving Yemen with the Houthis, leading to the creation of China’s first overseas military base.
