Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phys Exam 3 > Mercedes 80s > Flashcards

Mercedes 80s Flashcards

1
Q

If the rib cage is totally immobile, how is inspiration possible?

A

by diaphragmatic breathing (diaphragm does not lift the rib cage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscles of inspiration when contracted increase or decrease thoracic cage volume? Muscles of expiration?

A 
inspiration = increase
expiration = decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the muscles associated with inspiration?

A
  • external intercostals
  • levator costarum
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • serratus ant.
  • scaleni
  • serratus post. sup.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the muscles associated with expiration?

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • external and internal obliques
  • transverse abdomens (role in low back pain)
  • internal intercostals
  • serratus post. inf.
  • transversus thoracis
  • pyramidal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This describes what stage of breathing?

alveolar P > atmospheric P > pleural P

A

during expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This describes what stage of breathing?

alveolar P = atmospheric P > pleural P

A

end of expiration/inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This describes what stage of breathing?

atmospheric P > alveolar P > pleural P

A

during inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The measurement of the recoil tendency of the lung is best associated with what specific type of pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The following describes what specific type of pressure?
• difference between alveolar P & pleural P
• measure of the recoil tendency of the lung
• peaks at the end of inspiration

A

Transpulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The following describes what specific type of pressure?
• negative pressure between parietal and visceral pleura that keeps lung inflated against chest wall
• varies between -5 and -7.5 cmH2O (inspiration to expiration

A

Pleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The following describes what specific type of pressure?
• subatmospheric during inspiration
• supra-atmospheric during expiration

A

Alveolar pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If the visceral pleural erodes and allows a region of the alveolar
space to communicate with the pleural space, what would happen to the functional residual capacity?

A

FRC would decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What else would cause a decrease in the FRC?

A

puncture of parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At the end of normal expiration or with flaccid paralysis what does the volume of the lungs equal?

A

Functional Residual Capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

At the onset of inspiration the pleural pressure changes at faster rate than lung volume is referred as what?

A

”hysteresis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is easier to inflate and why…air-filled lung or saline-filled lung?

A

Saline-filled lung because surface tension forces have been eliminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 major functions of surfactant

A
  • helps stabilize alveolar size
  • reduces surface tension*
  • offsets collapse pressure as radius decrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of cells is surfactant produced by?

A

Produced by type II alveolar epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When histamine binds to H1 receptors how does it affect smooth muscle of the airway?

A

constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When histamine binds to H2 receptors how does it affect smooth muscle of the airway?

A

dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When histamine binds to prostaglandins E series how does it affect smooth muscle of the airway?

A

dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When histamine binds to prostaglandins F series how does it affect smooth muscle of the airway?

A

constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What equation to determine FRC?

A

FRC= ([He]i/[He]f-1) Vi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What equation is used to determine Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

TLC = TV+IRV+FRC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which volumes or capacities CANNOT be determined with basic spirometry?

A

RV, FRC, TLC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What 3 values are decreased with restrictive lung conditions?

A
  • VC (vital capacity)
  • IRV (inspiration reserve volume)
  • IC (inspiration capacity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most of the recoil tendency of the lung is due to what?

A

2/3 - surface tension forces

1/3 - elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Alveolar volume = ?

A

FRC - dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 6 pathophysiologic consequences of hyperventilation?

A
  • SV and CO decreased
  • Coronary blood flow decreased
  • Repolarization of heart impaired
  • Oxyhemoglobin affinity increased
  • Cerebral blood flow decreased
  • Skeletal muscle spasm and tetany
  • Serum potassium decreased
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the major effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle?

A

dilate, most of the effect is indirect via blood borne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the airway?

A

constriction using muscarinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why is the left ventricular output slightly higher than the right ventricular output?

A

some bronchial artery blood drains into the pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which of the following has the greatest effect on constriction of the pre-capillary resistance vessels in the lung?

A

low alveolar oxygen (want to bypass regions with low alveolar O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

WITHOUT surfactant, as alveolar radius increases, what happens to the collapse tendency of the lung?

A

Decreases ( and vice versa)

35
Q

WITH surfactant, as alveolar radius increases, what happens to the collapse tendency of the lung?

A

stable/ doesn’t change

36
Q

What is the solubility of the following gases from greatest to least in aqueous fluid?

  • CO2
  • O2
  • He
  • CO
  • N2
A
  • CO2- 20.3
  • O2- 1.0
  • He- .95
  • CO- .81
  • N2- .53
37
Q

During exercise in an upright position, is flow throughout the lung is equal?

A

No; from apex to base capillary P increases (gravity)

38
Q

During exercise the lung is in what zone?

A

zone 3 - continuous flow (toward the base)

39
Q

Which of the following conditions would significantly increase total pulmonic
blood volume?

A

mitral valve stenosis

40
Q

Blood volume shifts always have a greater on effect on _______ circulation?

A

pulmonary (rather than systemic)

41
Q

Alveolar air has a higher concentration of what?

A
  • carbon dioxide

- water vapor

42
Q

Atmospheric air has a higher concentration of what?

A
  • nitrogen

- oxygen

43
Q

The third most abundant gas in air behind nitrogen and oxygen is what?

A

argon (.93%)

44
Q

What are some characteristics of CO?

A
  • Pco of .6 mmHg can be lethal
  • partial pressure of Pco = .4 can significantly decrease O​2​ transport
  • has a much greater affinity for hemoglobin compared to oxygen
  • the body produces very small quantities with physiologic effects
45
Q

If the ventilation/perfusion ratio INCREASES above normal(.8), what happens?

A

increase in the amount of physiologic dead space

46
Q

If the ventilation/perfusion ratio DECREASES below normal(.8), what happens?

A

increase in physiologic shunt blood

47
Q

What happens to virtually all circulating prostaglandins in the blood as they pass through the pulmonary capillaries?

A

they are inactivated/cleared

48
Q

What percentage of CO​2​ in the blood is carried in the form of the bicarbonate ion? dissolved? bound to hemoglobin?

A

carried- 70%
dissolved- 7%
Hb- 23%

*kidneys regulate

49
Q

Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs will have what effect on the dorsal respiratory group?

A

inhibit

50
Q

What would cause more oxygen to be released from

hemoglobin?

A
  • decrease in Po2
  • decrease pH
  • increase temperature
  • increase CO2
  • increase 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
51
Q

MOST of the ventilatory response to a slight increase in CO​2​ levels is mediated by which of the following?

A
  • central chemoreceptors in the brain stem (70-80%)

…the other 20-30% is peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies

52
Q

What are characteristics of the Dorsal respiratory group?

A
  • rhythmically self excitatory

- sets the basic drive of ventilation

53
Q

What are characteristics of the Pneumotaxis center?

A

shuts off inspiration by turning off DRG ramp signal

54
Q

What are characteristics of the Ventral respiratory group?

A
  • can stimulate both inspiratory & expiratory respiratory muscles during ventilation
55
Q

What are characteristics of the Apneustic center?

A
  • when stimulated it functions to prevent inhibition of DRG
56
Q

The basic ventilatory drive is set by neurons in what area?

A

dorsal respiratory group

57
Q

Normal inspiration is usually terminated by what area?

A

pneumotaxic center

58
Q

What is the most prevalent cause of respiratory depression?

A

Anesthesia/Narcotics

59
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of Chronic Mountain Sickness?

A
  • Red cell mass increases
  • increase pulmonary arterial BP
  • enlarged right ventricle
  • decreased total peripheral resistance
  • congestive heart failure
  • death if person is not removed to lower altitude
60
Q

Stimulation of what receptors, would create a feeling of dyspnea?

A

J receptors in the parenchyma

61
Q

Stimulation of what receptors, would stretch receptors in the lung?

A

Herring-Breuer Inflation reflex

62
Q

Stimulation of what receptors, would stimulate sneezing, coughing, possibly airway constriction?

A

Irritant receptors

63
Q

In acute mountain sickness, the subject suffers deterioration of nervous system function primarily due to what?

A

hypoxia

64
Q

In acute mountain sickness, a CEREBRAL edema is caused by what?

A

hypoxia + local vasodilatation

65
Q

In acute mountain sickness, a PULMONARY edema is caused by what?

A

hypoxia + local vasoconstriction

66
Q

What is the important adjustment at birth, for the infant?

A

to breath

67
Q

The negative pleural pressure generated to expand the lung and open the alveoli during the first breath is what?

A

-40 to -60 cmH​2O​

68
Q

The negative pleural pressure in the lungs is normally what?

A

-5 to -7.5 cmH​2O​

69
Q

What normally accounts for most of the work of breathing?

A

compliance (elastic) work

70
Q

What percentage of total body energy is required for ventilation?

A

3-5%

71
Q

Normal breathing is defined as?

A

eupnea

72
Q

An increase in pulmonary ventilation matching an increase in metabolic demand is defined as what?

A

hyperpnea

73
Q

An increase in pulmonary ventilation that is greater than metabolic demand?

A

hyperventilation

74
Q

An increased frequency of respiratory rate would be called what?

A

tachypnea

75
Q

Dynspnea when recumbent and relief when standing upright would be called what?

A

orthopnea

76
Q

Absence of breathing is called what?

A

apnea

77
Q

Difficulty breathing is called what?

A

dyspnea

78
Q

Which receptors in afferent nerves are assc. with smooth muscle and stretch receptors involved in reflex control of breathing and cough reflexes?

A

slow-adapting receptors

79
Q

Which receptors in afferent nerves are sensitive to mechanical stimulation?

A

rapidly-adapting receptors

80
Q

To keep the lungs from collapsing air must be supplied at high pressures which exposes pulmonary capillary blood to extremely high alveolar gas pressures is called what?

A

hyperbarism

81
Q

What antibody is dominate in upper respiratory tract?

A

IgA

82
Q

What antibody is associated with the lower respiratory tract?

A

IgG

83
Q

What antibody is predominantly a mucosal antibody?

A

IgE

Phys Exam 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions