Mental health PPT Flashcards
what can benzodiazepines be used for?
anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, acute behaviour control and rapid tranquillisation
name some benzodiazepines
lorazepam, diazepam, temazepam
MOA of benzodiazepines
they target the GABA type A receptors. They encourage GABA to bind to GABA A receptors which opens chloride channels and allows Cl- to flow into cells, making them more resistant to depolarisation
side effects of benzodiazepines
drowsiness, sedation, dependance
what are SSRIs used to treat?
anxiety disorders, depression
name some SSRIs
sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram
MOA of SSRIs
block the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, increasing its conc in the synaptic cleft and increasing it’s availability for neurotransmission
side effects of SSRIs
GI upset, hypersensitivity reactions, suicidal thoughts
what are SNRIs used to treat?
anxiety disorders, depression
name some SNRIs
duloxetine, venlafaxine
MOA of SNRIs
they block the neuronal reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their conc in synaptic cleft and increasing availability for neurotransmission
side effects of SNRIs
GI upset, headaches, serotonin syndrome
what can MAOIs be used to treat?
major depression, phobias, social anxiety disorder
name some MAOIs
phenelzine, moclebemide
MOA of MAOIs
monoamine oxidase is the enzyme which degrades monoamines in the presynaptic nerve. MAOIs inhibit this, leading to accumulation of monoamines in presynaptic cell which can be released upon nerve stimulation
side effects of MAOIs
postural hypotension, throbbing headaches, food interactions (foods containing tyramine)
what can buspirone be used to treat?
anxiety disorders (it’s an azapirone anxiolytic)
MOA of buspirone
not known well. Thought to be partial agonist to 5-HT receptors on presynaptic cell, binds to these and has negative feedback. Takes at least 2 weeks to have an effect
side effects of buspirone
nausea, dizziness, nervousness
what can anti-psychotic be used for?
psychotic symptoms, schizophrenia, acute behavioural control, rapid tranquillisation
name some first generation anti-psychotics
haloperidol, chlorpromazine
name some second generation anti-psychotics
olanzepine, risperidone, quetiapine, clozapine, aripriprazole
MOA of first generation anti-psychotics
they are D2 receptor antagonists with a slow dissociation, targeting the mesolimbic pathway.can target 5-HT receptors. Can also target other pyramidal pathways, which gives lots of side effects.
side effects of first generation anti-psychotics
extrapyramidal effects e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia
galactorrhoea
prolonged QT (haloperidol)
MOA of second generation anti-psychotics
they are D2 receptor antagonists in the mesolimbic pathway, but with lower affinity and less side effects. can also target 5-HT receptors
side effects of second generation anti-psychotics
extrapyramidal effects at high doses
what treatment can be used for nicotine addiction?
nicotine replacement therapy, buproprion and varenicline
MOA of buproprion
atypical antidepressant. It’s a weak inhibitor of neuronal noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake, also has nicotine receptor antagonist activity
side effects of buproprion
anxiety, headaches, dry mouth, contraindicated in bulimia and anorexia
MOA of varenicline
partial nicotine receptor agonist
side effects of varenicline
GI upset, dry mouth, headaches
name an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist and give its indication
mirtazapine (NASSA). Major depression
MOA of mirtazapine
binds to and inhibits pre-synaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, increasing the concentration of monoamines (noradrenaline, serotonin) in the synaptic cleft
side effects of mirtazapine
GI upset, headaches, insomnia
name some tricyclic antidepressants
amitriptyline, lofepramine, imipramine
what can TCAs be used to treat?
depression (if SSRIs ineffective), an addition for chronic/neuropathic pain
MOA of TCAs
inhibit neuronal reuptake of 5-HT and noradrenaline, increasing concentration in synaptic cleft available for neurotransmission
side effects of TCAs
arrhythmias, hallucinations, hypotension
MOA of lithium
largely unknown and complicated. Has multiple effects on CNS
indications of lithium
treatment and prophylaxis of hypomania/mania in bipolar, recurrent depression
side effects of lithium
lithium toxicity, nephropathy, tremor, hypothyroid
name some anticonvulsants
carbamazepine, sodium valproate, lamotrigine
indications of anticonvulsants
treatment and prophylaxis of hypomania/mania in bipolar
MOA of anticonvulsants
facilitation of GABAminergic inhibitory neurotransmission and consequent modulation of excitatory glutamatergic neurons
side effects of anticonvulsants
drowsiness, dizziness, nausea
side effects of clozapine
agranulocytosis, myocarditis
side effects of risperidone
galactorrhoea (milky tittys)
side effects of quetiapine
QT elongation
features of TCA OD
tachycardia and tachypnoea
urinary retention
dilated pupils
hypereflexia
contraindication of sodium valproate
don’t use in pregnancy, causes neural tube defect
