Mental Health Outcomes Flashcards by Ruksana Begum

What are the positives of using ICD-10 / DSM-5 for categorisation of mental illness? 3 points

Standardisation of diagnostic criteria
Alphanumerical format, easy for quick referral and categorisation
Allows epidemiological study

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What are the negatives of using ICD-10 / DSM-5 for categorisation of mental illness? 3 points

Two different criterias, which one to use?
Lots of overlap with other conditions i.e. Schizophrenia vs. Psychotic disorder
Lack of clinical application, just a grouping activity

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Section 2 of MHA:
How long does it last?
Who can make an application?

28 days

Approved Mental Health Professional on recommendation of 2 doctors

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Section 3 of MHA:
How long does it last?
Who can make an application?

6 months

Approved Mental Health Professional on recommendation of 2 doctors

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Section 4 of MHA:
How long does it last?
Who can make that application?

72 hours (emergency)

GP and Approved Mental Health Professional

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Section 5(2) of MHA

What is it?

Legal detention of voluntary patient for 72 hours in hospital by a DOCTOR

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Section 5(4) of MHA

What is it?

Legal detention of a voluntary patient for 6 hours in hospital by a NURSE

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What is Section 17a also known as?

Community Treatment Order

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Section 135 of MHA

What is it?

Court order allowing police to break into property to remove a person to a place of safety

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Section 136 of MHA

What is it?

Someone in a public place with a mental disorder, taken by police to a place of safety

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What is the role of a Psychiatrist?

A medical doctor who has specialised in mental health. Can diagnose and prescribe treatment

May also be trained in psychotherapy

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What is the role of a Community Psychiatric Nurse (CPN)?

A mental health nurse who works in the community. Support patients taking medications, manage your health and treat you in community

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What is the role of a Social Worker?

Trained to give practical help with social needs, i.e. housing problems, financial issues

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What is the role of an Occupational Therapist?

Someone who will help you overcome difficulties which your health is preventing you doing

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What is the role of a Clinical Psychologist?

Has a degree in Psychology. Specialises in how your mind works and offers psychological therapy i.e. CBT. Does not prescribe medication

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What is the role of a Team Manager?

Usually a senior nurse / social worker. Do not see patients themselves. Responsible for practical runnings of team

What is the role of the Approved Mental Health Professional?

Usually a social worker, but can be any member of the team. Assesses if patients need to be detained under the Mental Health Act but cannot admit on their own

Describe some primary health promotion strategies for mental health and well-being?

Parenting programes for children with conduct disorder
Healthy visitor interventions for women at risk of post-natal depression
School-based campaigns i.e. preventing bullying, violence, etc.
Screening i.e. CAGE, VBA
Debt advice i.e. Citizen’s Advice
Physical activity campaigns

What are the common demographics of carers who look after dementia patients?

Tend to be female
50-64 y/o has the highest age bracket
More likely to be Pakistani / Bangladeshi
More likely to be economically / socially deprived

What problems are carers more likely to face?

Increased risk of physical and psychological problems
Are more likely to put the needs of others before themselves
Breakdown in relationship between patient and carer

Give examples of support available for carers?

Are all offered as assessment of their own needs (recommended by doctor)
Carer’s Special Grant - for respite / care
Carer’s Allowance - £61 pw
Employment Support - Work and Families Act (2006)
Practical support i.e. Manual handling training, respite, carers and social support, education on signs / symptoms / prognosis of condition

What are some protective factors associated with child well-being and a reduction in likelihood of mental health conditions developing?

Having secure, healthy relationships with parents
Having clear, firm and disciplined parenting
Having support from wider friends and family
Having religious faith
Having higher intelligence
Having good communication skills

What is the role of a child’s school in a young child’s mental health?

Schools must teach their staff to recognise the signs of mental health issues (coming late to school, poor performance, misbehaviour at school, being bullied or bullying others, being withdrawn and quiet)
Schools must intervene when appropriate (safeguarding)
Report to social services / medical services

What is the role of a health visitor in a young child’s mental health?

Home visits, observing parent and child interactions

2. Help parents cope with child’s mental illness

What is the role of an Educational Psychologist in a young child's mental health?

1. Assess educational level and suggest interventions | 2. Will also observe child in class and report

Give examples of the problems that people with sensory impairments may have accessing mental health services

Deaf: may struggle to have a sign-language interpreter available for mental health appointments Blind: Information is not delivered in the way they can understand i.e. leaflets in Braille for blind

What are the steps in Prochaska and Diclemente's Cycle of Change?

- Precontemplation - Contemplation - Preparation - Action - Maintenence - Relapse

Outline the physiological, sociological and developmental theories put forward for the aetiology of eating disorders

- Majority of patients with an eating disorder have a body dysmorphic disorder, altering the way they perceive themselves - Genetics: some patients have a genetic predisposition to eating disorders - Personality disorders are associated with eating disorders, i.e. obsessive compulsive, borderline, narcissistic, histrionic and avoidant personality disorders - GI disease: Coeliacs, IBS and IBD patients are more at risk of eating disorders - Child abuse, social isolation and parental influence also increases eating disorder behaviours - Peer pressure from individuals - Cultural pressure where this is an emphasis on thinness - Societal / media pressure: advertisements, TV shows such as Miss America, isolated celebrities i.e. Lindsay Lohan, Paris Hilton, Victoria Beckham - Disorders in the HPA axis

What is the impact of addiction on society in general?

1. Increased levels of criminal activity (i.e. vandalism, robberies, assault) 2. Increased expenditure on addiction programmes, when could be spent elsewhere 3. Loss of productivity (i.e. sick days off work)

What is the impact of addiction on the individual / family in general?

1. Increased death / hospital admissions (partially / wholly attributable) 2. Increase in domestic violence against spouses, children witnessing abuse

Give examples which could underpin the origins of addiction?

- Genetics influence susceptability and the way we metabolise alcohol (i.e. being East Asian, less likely to be addicted to alcohol due to Alcohol Flush reaction compared to other ethnicities) - Social influence i.e. peer pressures and family influence (learned acceptable behaviour) - Occupation - ↑ in unskilled labourers

Give examples which could underpin the maintenance of addiction?

- Conditioning – taking drug removes negative SEs of withdrawal (-ve reinforcement) - Physiological – tolerance develops, hence need ↑ for same effect - Psychological crutch – becomes a habitual method of dealing with stress (-ve coping mechanism) - Social – Peers + socialising become drug-oriented

Describe how health promotion can impact upon alcohol intake and drug misuse Discuss: - Education - Policy - Mass media campaigns - Support and Info

Education 1. PSHE education in schools, making young children aware of the dangers of alcohol and drug use 2. TV / radio advertisements, highlighting dangers 3. Provision of information in GPs, secondary and tertiary care. Use of CAGE / AUDIT questionnaire to highlight to individuals if they are dangerous drinkers Policy 1. Restriction on sale of alcohol, i.e. no sales after 10pm, minimum unit pricing, position on shop floor, restriction on promotion and advertising 2. Taxation of alcohol 3. Get "big money" out of politics, reduce lobbying Mass Media Campaigns 1. Drink Aware - UK's largest campaign to tackle heavy drinking, albeit partly funded by UK alcohol producers Support and Info 1. Frank, an online support website with lots of information on alcohol and drugs. Also has a free chat 24/7 which is confidential

What are the five groups of Housing Support which can be offered to the elderly?

1. Community Support 2. Day Centres 3. Sheltered Housing 4. Residential Home 5. Nursing Home