Mental Health Flashcards
Adjustment Disorder
Definition: - Depression or anxiety developed in response to a stressful situation.
- Subjective distress & emotional disturbance secondary to significant life event.
Less severe form of depression without sufficient criteria for major depression Dx.
- usually no longer than 6 months.
Features:
- Interference with social functioning and performance.
- Associated with depressed mood, inability to cope or plan ahead.
Agoraphobia
Definition & Clinical features:
- Fear of being in a place they cannot escape from.
- Often manifests as fear of leaving home, entering shops, crowds and public places.
- Panic disorder is a frequent feature.
- Depression/obsessions/social phobias are also commonly present as subsidiary features.
- Behavioural avoidance
Anorexia Nervosa
Clinical features:
- Adolescent and young adult females.
- Increased prevalence in type A personalities.
- Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, despite underweight status.
- Disturbance of body image, persistent lack or recognition of seriousness of low body weight with continuing behaviour directed at weight loss.
- Intentional restriction of energy intake relative to requirements
- Cold intolerance, constipation, increase lung body hair, sallow, dry scaly skin, hair loss.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Clinical Features:
- memory loss
- loss of social and occupational functioning.
- diminished executive function
- speech and motor deficits.
- personality change plus behavioural and psychological disturbance.
Bipolar affective disorder
Screening HIGH-4 H: hyperactivity, or distractibility, flight of ideas, pressured speech, racing thoughts I: insomnia and irritability G: grandiosity H: hyperhedonia, or high- risk sexual activity, shopping sprees 4: 4 days' minimum duration.
Bulimia Nervosa
Risk factors -
Female sex, Personality disorder, Body image dissatisfaction, Hx of sexual abuse, Impulsivity,
Fam Hx of alcoholism/depression/eating disorder,
Childhood overweight or obesity, Early puberty
Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- lack of sense of control - can not stop eating
Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour
- Purging - Vomiting, Laxatives, Enemas
Depression and low self-esteem
Dental erosion
Parotid hypertrophy
Russell’s sign - Scaring over the dorsum of hand
Arrhythmia - Hypokalaemia, Hypomagnesaemia
Cyclothymia
Numerous mood swings
Periods of hypomanic symptoms
Alternating periods of mild to mod. depression
Symptoms present for > 2 years
Symptoms present for at least 22 months of 2 years
No Major Depressive, Manic or Mixed Episode
Delirium tremens
Hx of Alcohol use/abuse Abrupt withdrawal of alcohol Altered mental status Hallucinations - Visual and tactile Delusions Sympathetic overdrive - tremors, diaphoresis, tachycardia, anxiety, seizures
Vascular dementia
RF: age >60 years, obesity, hypertension, smoking
DM, Hypercholesterolaemia, Alcohol abuse
History of stroke / TIA Difficulty solving problems Apathy Disinhibition Slowed processing of information Retrieval memory deficit Impaired gait and balance
Lead toxicity
RFs: age 9 to 36 months, low socioeconomic status, mineral-deficient and high-fat diets, Symptoms (children) - cognitive impairment behavioural disturbance clumsiness and agitation loss of appetite constipation somnolence Symptoms (adult) cerebellar signs altered mental state seizures coma
Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder)
Depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years (at least 1 year for children and adolescents).
During periods of depressed mood > 2 present;
- Poor appetite or overeating
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Low energy or fatigue
- Low self-esteem
- Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
- Feelings of hopelessness
Gambling disorder
> 4 of the following in a 12-month period
- Need to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement
- Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling
- Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling
- Is often preoccupied with gambling
- Often gambles when feeling distressed
- After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even
- Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling
- Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling.
- Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations
Major depressive disorder
RF: Older age, Recent childbirth, Stress, Trauma; Co-existing medical conditions, Personal or family hx of depression, Certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids), Female sex
Major Criteria (must have 1 major criteria)
- Depressed mood
- Anhedonia
Minor Criteria (must have 4 or more)
Weight loss or weight gain (>5% in a month)
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
Psychomotor agitation or retardation (observable)
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent suicidal ideation
Alzheimers Disease
RF: age FHx Down's syndrome Cerebrovascular disease Hyperlipidaemia Clinical findings: Memory loss Disorientation Naming difficulty - objects/people Misplacing/losing items Apathy Difficulties with ADLs Prosopagnosia – impaired facial recognition Abstract thinking deficits
Generalised anxiety disorder
- 6 months of excessive pervasive worry that causes distress/impairment in functioning
- Risk factors: family history of condition, physical/emotional stressors, trauma, other MH dx, female gender
- Key psychiatric symptoms (3 out of 6 needed): Muscle tension, sleep disturbance, fatigue, restlessness, irritability, poor concentration
- ## Key physical symptoms: headaches, sweating, dizziness, nausea, tachycardia, shortness of breath, chest pain
