Unit 4 AOS2 Mental Health

Question 1

wellbeing

Answer 1

a state of feeling mentally, physically and socially healthy

Question 2

mental wellbeing

Answer 2

specifically psychological.
a state of being psychologically healthy in terms of positive thinking, good cognitive functioning and regulation of emotions

Question 3

levels of functioning

Answer 3

the extent to which someone can complete day to day tasks effectivley and independently.
if good mental health, they have adaptive functioing and can cope with challenges of life.
if bad mental health, they show maladaptive or dysfunctional behaviour where functioning is impaired/reduced.

Question 4

resilience

Answer 4

a person’s ability to adapt positively to change

Question 5

social wellbeing

Answer 5

a person’s ability to form and maintain healthy relationships and be adaptable in differenet social situations.

Question 6

emotional wellbeing

Answer 6

a person’s ability to control and express motions appropiately as well as understand others’ emotions

Question 7

mental health

Answer 7

a state of emotional and social wellbeing where an individual realises his or her own abilites and can cope with the normal stresses of life
people who are mentally healthy can:
- function at higher levels
- cope & manage life’s challenges
- work productively
- contribute constructively to their community
- form and maintain good relationships
- feel, express and manage a range of exmotions
- learn from their experiences
- think logically and clearly
- enjoy and appreciate other people

Question 8

mental health problems

Answer 8

are commonly experienced by all people and are common responses to traumatic life events
ppl w/ mental helath problems may:
- feel worried, tense, low, irritable, quiet
- feel sadness or despair associated with loss or grief
- have difficulties concentrating, making decisions and thinking clearly
- become forgetful
- socially withdraw
- develop negative feelings or attitudes

Question 9

mental disorders

Answer 9

A mental disorder is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour.
are considered to be mor4e serious and persistent (can sometimes devlop from circumstances or mental health problems left undealt with)
ppl w/ mental helath disorders may experience:
- anxiety disorder
- obsessive comulsive disorder
- mood disorder: depression, bipolar
- psychotic disorder: schizophrenia
- personality disorder
- neurodedvelopmental disorder
- substance related addictive disorders

Question 10

Stress

Answer 10

A state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressor that are percieved by the individual as challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope, may be acute, episodic or chronic

Question 11

anxiety

Answer 11

a state of psychological and physiological arousal that involves feelings of worry or apprhension about a perceived threat (unknown stimulus - future). It can involve uneasiness that is wrong or something unpleasant is about to happen.

Question 12

Phobia

Answer 12

an anxiety disorder involving excessive, persistent distress over a long period of time which disrupts aspects of dsily functioning.

Question 13

key characteristics of stress, anxiety, phobia

Answer 13

stress:
- positive or negative associated feelings
- adaptive or maladaptive
- known stimulus
- eustress or distress
- sympathetic NS activation
- mental health levels fluctuate
Anxiety:
- negative associated feelings
- adaptive and maladaptive
- UNKNOWN stimulus
- distress only
- sympathetic NS
- mental health levels fluctuate
Phobia:
- negative associated feelings
- maladaptive
- known stimulus
- distress only
- sympathetic NS
- low levels of mental wellbeing

Question 14

self determintation

Answer 14

refers to the ability of the ATSI peoples to determine their own, political, social, economic and cultural development.

Question 15

cultural continuity

Answer 15

refers to the ability to both preserve and pass on ATSI peoples rich cultural heritage, traditions, knowledge and practices

Question 16

psychoeducation

Answer 16

the provision and explanantion of info about a mental disorder to increase knowledge and understanding of the disorder and its treatment. It is a social intervention and involves family contribution. It encourages individuals to recognise and challenge their unrealistic thoughts

Question 17

cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 17

seeks to change thoughts and behaviours that perpetuate the phobia and to improve coping skills. It aims to address thought patterns and uncover cognitive biases.
Thoughts are:
-challenged
-researched
-invalidated
-discouraged with relaxation techniques

Question 18

systematic desensitisation

Answer 18

gradual exposure technique that aims to replace an anxiety response with a relaxation response.
It involves classical conditioning to unlearn the connection between axniety and the phobic stimulus and then reassociate feelings of relaxation with the stimulus.
step 1: learning of relaxation technique
step 2: fear hierarchy
step 3: gradual step-by-step exposure
step 4: continuation of exposre until anxiety has ceased

Question 19

biopsychosocial approach of mental wellbeing and phobias

Answer 19

the biopsychosocial approach systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their interactions in understanding mental health, illness, and health care delivery

Question 20

memory bias

Answer 20

is the distorting influence of present feelings, thoughts or beliefs on recall of previous experiences. Sometimes referred to as ‘selective memory’

Question 21

GABA dysfunction

Answer 21

GABA Dysfunction:
- lack of GABA transmission leads to overstimulation of neurons, and thus heightened anxiety
- an anxiety disorder might be the result of a dysfucntional GABA system which is not making enough of this neurotransmitter leading to pver stimulation by excitatory neurotransmitters

Question 22

cognitive bias

Answer 22

can be habituta ways of thinking about a situatiom that can lead to faulty judgement or decision-making. They can make an individual mroe prone to experiencing fear or anciety about a stimulus

Question 23

stigma

Answer 23

• Stigma is an attitude or belief when someone views someone in a negative way because they have a distinguishing characteristic or personal trait that’s thought to be, or actually is, a disadvantage
• when people view those with mental illness in a negative way. often due to ignorance of mental helath disorders.
• this then leads mental health problems to be worse and stop a person from getting help/treatment

Question 24

breathing retraining

Answer 24

• an anxiety management technique which consists of learning to breathe in a controlled rhythmic pattern
• restores carbon dioxide levels in the blood
• this technique slows breathing so that shortness of breathe isn’t linked to phobic stimulus

Question 25

cognitive behavioural strategies (protective factor)

Answer 25

• use same concepts of CBT to identify and change maladaptive thoughts and behaviours
  cognitive:
• identify dysfunctional feelings and thoughts
• replace them with more functional ones
  behavioural:
• identify dysfunctional behaviours relating to the issue
• devlope and maintaining more functional behaviours relating to the issue

Question 26

mindfulness meditation

Answer 26

• individual focuses awareness on their present moment in order to bring about a sense of peace and calm
• improves emotional reactivity, reduce stress, improve memory concentration and attention, decrease pain sensitivity, inrease empathy, compassion and self awareness
• one is in control of oneself and aware of oneself

Question 27

precipitated by classical conditioning

Answer 27

• association is formed between NS and UCS and a a UCR/CR
• natural fear eventual becomes conditioned fear in response to what once was the neutral stimulus
  NS: rat
  UCS: bell UCR: crying
  NS + UCS
  CS: rat = CR: crying
• may happen through one trial learning

Question 28

perpetuated by operant conditioning

Answer 28

• once a specific phobia is acquired throuch classical conditioning it can be maintained or ‘perpetuated’ (inhibits recovery) through operant conditioning
• negative reinforcement = increased avoidance = perpetuation of phobia through no recovery and strengthened association/neural pathways

Question 29

benzodiazepines

Answer 29

• ‘GABA agonist’
• benzodiazepines act by binding to GABA receptor sites on GABA receptors in the brain to increase GABA’s inhibitory effects and make postsynaptic neurons resistance to excitation (less likley to fire)
• slow down NS for anti anxiety
• short acting are in blood for shorter period of time but acts quickly (peak 2-3 hours, ceased after 6 hours)
• long acting peak after 30-90 minutes and remain in blood for 3 days
• whicy type is prescribed depends on length of time phobia needs to be resisted