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Gi Exam > Menstrual Cycle & Ovulation > Flashcards

Menstrual Cycle & Ovulation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main hormones associated with the menstrual cycle?

A 
FSH
LH
estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
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2
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

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3
Q

what are the phases of the endometrial cycle?

A

menses
proliferative phase
secretory phase

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4
Q

where specifically do oocytes arrest FIRST? and when does this arrest resume? what hormone causes this?

A

prophase I
ovulation
LH

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5
Q

where specifically do oocytes arrest the SECOND time? what causing the resuming of meiosis?

A

metaphase II

fertilization

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6
Q

what surrounds the primary oocyte as a primordial follicle?

A

a single layer of pregranulosa cells

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7
Q

what surrounds the primary oocyte as a primary follicle?

A

a single layer of more cuboidal granulosa cells

zona pellucida

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8
Q

what surrounds the primary oocyte as a secondary follicle?

A

3-6 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells

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9
Q

at what stage can release of paracrine factors first be observed in the follicle?

A

secondary follicle

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10
Q

thecal cells are analogous to which types of cells in the male testes? what receptors do they express?

A

Leydig cells

LH

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11
Q

what types of receptors do granulosa cells express depending on paracrine growth factors?

A

LH

FSH

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12
Q

the antral phases results in proliferation and differentiation of which types of cells?

A

granulosa

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13
Q

what are the two types of granulosa cells that develop during the beginning of the antral phase?
what are the main functions of these cells?

A

mural (outer wall of follicle/steroidogenic)

cumulus (maintain gap and adhesion jxns with oocyte)

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14
Q

when is an antrum visible with the follicular cells?

A

after the secondary follicle

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15
Q

what is the major product of thecal cells?

A

androstenedione

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16
Q

at what point do follicle cells start to become responsive to gonadotropins?

A

antral phase after the secondary oocyte

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17
Q

which cells produce androgens?

thecal
granulosa

A

thecal

18
Q

which cells aromatize androgens?

thecal
granulosa

A

granulosa

19
Q

what contributes to selection of antral follicles during each cycle? describe this process

A

FSH sensitivity

less and less FSH is released; bigger cells with more FSH receptors are selected to continue, the others die

20
Q

what is a graffian follicle?

A

follicle selected by FSH concentration

21
Q

when does the LH surge occur and what are its effects?

A

about 36 hours before ovulation
induces differentiation of granulosa cells to granulosa lutein cells
inhibition of aromatase expression
increased availability of cholesterol for progesterone production

22
Q

what causes the oocyte to progress to metaphase II?

A

LH surge

23
Q

what phase of ovulation follows the surge of LH?

A

luteal phase

24
Q

what are the two fates of the corpus luteum?

A

OF MENSTRUATION; becomes corpus albicans and is shed

OF PREGNANCY; rescued by hCG from conceptus, produces increasing progesterone

25
Q

what is the function of progesterone release by the corpus luteum?

A

transforms uterine lining into adhesive and supportive structure; important for implatation

26
Q

what is the function of progesterone and estrogen as related to LH?

A

reduce LH to basal levels to prevent another follicle from forming after fertilization

27
Q

what is the function of inhibin A as related to FSH?

A

suppress FSH to prevent another follicle from forming after fertilization

28
Q

which cells persist and repopulate the cellular stroma of the ovary after follicular atresia?

granulosa
oocytes
thecal

A

thecal

29
Q

describe the HPO axis for gonadotropin release

A

GnRH from hypothalamus –> FSH and LH from anterior pituitary –> estrogens and progestins released from ovary (+activin and inhibin release from granulosa cells)

30
Q

which which cells produce inhibin/activin and what hormone do they feedback upon?

A

granulosa

FSH

31
Q

______ exert negative feedback at both low and high concentrations
______ are only effective at high concentrations

A

estrogens

progestins

32
Q

what is the net effect of estrogen and progestrin feedback on the HPO axis?

A

reduce LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary

33
Q

when in the menstrual cycle is negative feedback occuring?

A

the whole thing

34
Q

when in the menstrual cycle is positive feedback occuring? what is the purpose of this positive feedback?

A

toward the end of the follicular phase

LH surge

35
Q

when can one be expected to observe a rise in basal body temperature?

A

commonly the day after ovulation

36
Q

what signals the demise of the corpus luteum?

A

low estrogen and progesterone levels

37
Q

what hormone promotes the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into predecidual cells?

A

progesterone

38
Q

because of ovarian failure, individuals with Turner Syndrome have elevated serum concentrations of _____

A

FSH

39
Q

patient presents with hypogonadism and elevated levels of serum FSH, what is the diagnosis?

A

turner’s

40
Q

a woman experiencing menopause would be expected to have _____ levels of FSH and LH? why?

normal
low
high

A

no negative feedback

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