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SUGER Physiology > Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are eggs contained in within the ovaries?

A

Follicles

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2
Q

How long does the follicular phase of the ovarian menstrual cycle last?

A

Day 1-13

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3
Q

What does a follicle consist of?

A

One primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells.

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4
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

Oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin

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5
Q

Give the stages of development of a primordial follicle.

A
  1. Primary follicle
  2. Preantral follicle
  3. Early antral follicle
  4. Mature follicle
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6
Q

How do primary follicles receive nutrients?

A

Cytoplasmic processes on granulosa cells pass nutrients & chemical messengers via gap junctions

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7
Q

How does the primary follicle grow into the preantral follicle?

A

By mitosis of the granulosa cells

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8
Q

What does the connective tissue surrounding the granulosa cells differentiate into?

A

Theca cells

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9
Q

What do theca cells do?

A

Synthesise oestrogen with the granulosa cells

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10
Q

What is an antrum?

A

Fluid filled space in the early antral follicle.

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11
Q

Before early antral follicles develop into mature follicles, they are selected for on the basis of being dominant or not. What happens to the non-dominant follicles?

A

They undergo atresia - an example of apoptosis.

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12
Q

On what basis are dominant follicles selected for?

A

Oestrogen production

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13
Q

What triggers a primary oocyte to emerge from meiotic arrest?

A

A surge in LH. Occurs at time for ovulation.

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14
Q

What is another name for a mature follicle?

A

Graafian follicle

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15
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When the secondary oocyte is carried out of the ovary and onto the ovarian surface

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16
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

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17
Q

How long does the Luteal phase of the ovarian menstrual cycle last?

A

Day 14-28

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18
Q

What forms once the mature follicle discharges its antral fluid and egg?

A

Corpus luteum (formed of granulosa cells)

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19
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin

20
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if the discharged egg is not fertilised?

A

Undegoes apoptosis

21
Q

What triggers menstruation and the beginning of a new ovarian menstrual cycle?

A

Loss of the corpus luteum

22
Q

During the follicular phase, which cells synthesise oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

23
Q

After ovulation, which cells synthesise oestrogen?

A

Corpus luteum

24
Q

Before ovulation, which cells synthesise progesterone?

A

Granulosa and theca cells

25
Q

After ovulation, which cells synthesise progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

26
Q

How do FSH levels change over the ovarian menstrual cycle?

A

Increases in early follicular phase
Peaks mid cycle
Decreased steadily throughout remainder of cycle

27
Q

List the effects of FSH.

A
  1. Aids development of follicle after preantral stage
  2. Stimulates granulosa cells to multiply and produce oestrogen
  3. Induce LH receptors to form on the granulosa cells
28
Q

Why do FSH levels increase at the end of the ovarian cycle?

A

There are decreased levels of progesterone, oestrogen & inhibin - removes negative feedback from hypothalamus

29
Q

Which hormone mainly inhibits the secretion of FSH?

A

Inhibin

30
Q

How do LH levels change over the ovarian menstrual cycle?

A

Constant for most of the follicular phase
Very large mid cycle increase
Rapid decrease after ovulation
Slow decline during luteal phase

31
Q

List the effects of LH.

A
  1. Stimulates theca cells to proliferate and synthesise androgens (converted to oestrogen in granulosa cells)
  2. Induces ovulation
  3. Stimulates reactions that transform the granulosa & theca cells into a corpus luteum
32
Q

How do oestrogen levels change over the ovarian menstrual cycle?

A 
Remains low and stable in first week
Increases rapidly in second week 
Decreases before LH peaks
Second increase via corpus luteum 
Ends with rapid decrease
33
Q

How do progesterone levels change over the ovarian menstrual cycle?

A

Very low levels during follicular phase
After ovulation, large levels due to corpus luteum
Rapidly decrease during last days

34
Q

How do inhibin levels change over the ovarian menstrual cycle?

A

Increases during late follicular phase
Remains high during luteal phase
Decreases as corpus luteum degenerates

35
Q

What is the epithelia lining the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

36
Q

What occurs during day 1 of the uterine menstrual cycle (menstrual phase)?

A

Endometrium degenerates, results in menstrual flow

37
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine menstrual cycle (day 5-10)?

A
  1. Menstrual flow ceases
  2. Endometrium thickens and regenerates due to oestrogen
  3. Receptors for progesterone are synthesised in endometrial cells
38
Q

What is the smooth muscle layer underlying the endometrium called?

A

Myometrium

39
Q

Which ovarian phase coincides with the the menstrual and proliferative phases?

A

Follicular phase

40
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterine menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Endometrium secretes glycogen
  2. Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to be an actively secreting tissue

Both processes make the endometrium a hospitable environment for implantation

41
Q

Which ovarian phase coincides with the secretory phase?

A

Luteal phase

42
Q

What effects do oestrogen and progesterone have on cervical mucus?

A

Oestrogen: Abundant, clear watery mucus - AT ovulation
Progesterone: Thick and sticky antibacterial mucus plug - AFTER ovulation

43
Q

What is menopause?

A

The cessation of menstruation. Occurs between age 48-52. Ovaries stop releasing eggs.

44
Q

What are the short term symptoms of menopause?

A

Hot flushes, sweats, headaches, irritability, lethargy, depression, dry skin, shorter menstrual cycle

45
Q

What are the long term symptoms of menopause?

A

Vaginal dryness, decrease in libido (sexual desire), hair loss, general aches and pains

46
Q

Is LH a peptide or steroid hormone?

A

Peptide

SUGER Physiology (11 decks)

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