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NCM 107 LEC > MENSTRUAL CYCLE > Flashcards

MENSTRUAL CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

is episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes.

A

menstrual cycle (the female reproductive cycle)

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2
Q

The purpose of a menstrual cycle is to _______ and ________ that will be necessary for the ova’s growth should it be fertilized.

A

bring an ovum to maturity and renew a uterine tissue bed

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3
Q

First menstruation

A

Menarche

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4
Q

First menstruation may occur as early as _______.

A

9 years of age

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5
Q

It is good to include health teaching information on menstruation to both school-age children and their parents as early as ______ as part of routine care.

A

fourth grade

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6
Q

The length of menstrual cycles differs from woman to woman. The average length is __ days (from the beginning of one menstrual flow to the beginning of the next).

A

28

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7
Q

It is not unusual for cycles to be as short as __ days or as long as __ days.

A

23; 35

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8
Q

The length of the average menstrual flow (termed ___) is ____ days

A

menses; 4 to 6

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9
Q

although women may have flows as short as _ days or as long as _ days (Ledger, 2012).

A

2; 9

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10
Q

Average age at onset, 12.4 years; average range, 9–17 years

A

Beginning (menarche)

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11
Q

Average, 28 days; cycles of 23–35 days not unusual

A

Interval between cycles

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12
Q

Average flow, 4–6 days; ranges of 2–9 days not abnormal

A

Duration of menstrual flow

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13
Q

Difficult to estimate;
• Average 30–80 ml per
menstrual period;
• Saturating a pad or tampon in
less than 1 hr is heavy bleeding

A

Amount

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14
Q

• Dark red;
• A combination of blood,
mucus, and endometrial cells

A

Color

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15
Q

Similar to marigolds

A

Odor

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16
Q

The Physiology of Menstruation
-Four body structures are involved:

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. Anterior pituitary gland
  3. ovaries
  4. uterus
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17
Q

For a menstrual cycle to be complete, ______.

A

all four organs must contribute their part.

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18
Q

inactivity of any part results in ______.

A

an incomplete or ineffective cycle

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19
Q
  1. Hypothalamus
    Release of the ____ from the hypothalamus initiates the menstrual cycle.
A

GnRH

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20
Q

also called luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone [LHRH]

A

GnRH(Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

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21
Q
  1. Hypothalamus
    GnRH then stimulates the _____ to send the gonadotropic hormone to the ____ to produce_____.
A

pituitary gland ; ovaries; estrogen

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22
Q
  1. Hypothalamus
    When the level of estrogen rises, release of GnRH is ____ and no further menstrual cycles will occur.
A

repressed

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23
Q

adenohypophysis

A

The Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland

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24
Q
  1. The Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland (the adenohypophysis)
    -Under the influence of GnRH, produces two hormones:
A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) & LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

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25
Q

a hormone active early in the cycle that is responsible for maturation of the ovum

A

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

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26
Q

a hormone that becomes most active at the midpoint of the cycle and is responsible for ovulation, or release of the mature egg cell from the ovary.

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

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27
Q

It also stimulates growth of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle.

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

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28
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    Every month during the fertile period of a woman’s life (from menarche to menopause), one of the ovary’s ____ is activated by___ to begin to ___ and ____.
A

oocytes; FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone); grow and mature

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29
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    As the oocyte grows, its cells produce a clear fluid ____
A

follicular fluid

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30
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    As the oocyte grows, its cells produce a clear fluid that contains a high degree of ___ and some ____.
A

estrogen; progesterone

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31
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    As the follicle surrounding the oocyte grows, it is propelled___ the surface of the ovary.
A

toward

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32
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    At full maturity, the ____ is visible on the surface of the ovary as a ______ approximately __ to ___ in. across.
A

follicle; clear water blister; 0.25 to 0.5

33
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    At this stage of maturation, the small ovum (barely visible to the naked eye, about the size of a printed period) with its surrounding follicular membrane and fluid is termed a _______.
A

graafian follicle

34
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    By day 14 or the midpoint of a typical 28-day cycle, the ovum has divided by mitotic division into two separate bodies:
    1.
    2.
A
  1. a primary oocyte
  2. a secondary oocyte
35
Q

contains the bulk of the cytoplasm

A

primary oocyte

36
Q

contains so little cytoplasm that it is not functional.

A

secondary oocyte

37
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    The structure also has accomplished its ___ division, reducing its number of chromosomes to the haploid (having only one member of a pair) number of __.
A

meiotic; 23

38
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    After an upsurge of LH from the pituitary at about day 14, _____ are released and the graafian follicle _____.
A

prostaglandins; ruptures

39
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    The ovum is set free from the surface of the ovary, a process termed _____. It is swept into the _____ of a fallopian tube.
A

ovulation; open end

40
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    It is important to teach women that ovulation does not necessarily occur on the __ day of their cycle; it occurs _____ the end of their cycle.
A

14th; 14 days before the end of their cycle

41
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    If their menstrual cycle is only 20 days long, for example, their day of ovulation would be day _.
A

day 6 (14 days before the end of the cycle).

42
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    If their cycle is 44 days long, ovulation would occur on day __.
A

day 30, not at the halfway point— day 22.

43
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    After the ovum and the follicular fluid have been discharged from the ovary, the cells of the follicle remain in the form of a ______ pit.
A

hollow, empty

44
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    The FSH has done its work at this point and now____ in amount.
A

decreases

45
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    The second pituitary hormone, __, continues to ___ in amount and directs the follicle cells left behind in the ovary to produce ___, a bright- yellow fluid high in progesterone.
A

LH; rise; lutein

46
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    With lutein production, the follicle is renamed a ____ (yellow body).
A

corpus luteum

47
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    The basal body temperature of a woman drops slightly (by ___) just before the day of ovulation because of the extremely low level of____ that is present at that time.
A

0.5° to 1°F; progesterone

48
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    It rises by __ on the day ___ ovulation because of the concentration of progesterone, which is _____.
A

1°F; after; thermogenic

49
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    The woman’s temperature remains at this elevated level until approximately day __ of the menstrual cycle, when the progesterone level again ____ (Huether & McCance, 2012).
A

24; decreases

50
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    If conception (fertilization by a spermatozoon) occurs as the ovum proceeds down a fallopian tube and the fertilized ovum implants on the ______ of the uterus, the _____ remains throughout the major portion of the pregnancy (to about _____).
A

endometrium; corpus luteum ; 16 to 20 weeks

51
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    If conception does not occur, the unfertilized ovum ____ after _____ days, and the corpus luteum (now called a ______) remains for only ______.
A

atrophies; 4 or 5; “false” corpus luteum; 8 to 10 days.

52
Q
  1. The Ovaries
    As the corpus luteum regresses, it is gradually replaced by ______, and the resulting structure is termed a _____ (white body).
A

white fibrous tissue; corpus albicans

53
Q
  1. The Uterus
    Uterine changes that occur monthly as a result of stimulation from the _______ produced by the ovaries.
A

estrogen and progesterone

54
Q

fertilization by a spermatozoon

A

conception

55
Q

Beginning (menarche)
Average age at onset, __ years; average range, ___ years

A

12.4 years; 9–17 years

56
Q

Interval between cycles
Average, __ days; cycles of _____ days not unusual

A

28; 23–35

57
Q

Duration of menstrual flow
Average flow, ___ days; ranges of ___ days not abnormal

A

4–6; 2–9

58
Q

Amount
Average ____ ml per
menstrual period

A

30–80 ml

59
Q

Color

A

Dark red

60
Q

Odor

A

Similar to marigolds

61
Q

LHRH

A

luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone

62
Q

Immediately after a menstrual flow (which occurs during the first 4 or 5 days of a cycle)

A

The First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Proliferative)

63
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
the endometrium, or lining of the uterus, is very thin, approximately _____ in depth.

A

The First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Proliferative); one cell layer

64
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
As the ovary begins to produce estrogen (in the follicular fluid, under the direction of the pituitary FSH), the endometrium begins to _____ so rapidly the thickness of the endometrium increases as much as ____ from day 5 to day 14.

A

The First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Proliferative); proliferate; eightfold

65
Q

ALSO CALLED the proliferative, estrogenic, follicular, or postmenstrual phase.

A

The First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Proliferative)

66
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
After ovulation, the formation of ____ in the corpus luteum (under the direction of LH) causes the glands of the uterine endometrium to become _____ in appearance and dilated with quantities of _____ (an elementary sugar) and ____ (a protein).

A

The Second Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Secretory); progesterone; corkscrew or twisted; glycogen and mucin

67
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
It takes on the appearance of _______.

A

The Second Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Secretory); rich, spongy velvet.

68
Q

Is termed the progestational, luteal, premenstrual, or secretory phase.

A

The Second Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Secretory)

69
Q

The Second Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Secretory)

A

Is termed the progestational, luteal, premenstrual, or secretory phase.

70
Q

The First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Proliferative)

A

ALSO CALLED the proliferative, estrogenic, follicular, or postmenstrual phase.

71
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum in the ovary begins to ____ after 8 to 10 days, and therefore, the production of progesterone _____.

A

The Third Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Ischemic); regress; decreases

72
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
With the withdrawal of _____, the endometrium of the uterus begins to _____ (at about day 24 or day 25 of the cycle).

A

The Third Phase of the Menstrual Cycle; progesterone; degenerate

73
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
The ____ rupture, with minute hemorrhages, and the _____ sloughs off.

A

The Third Phase of the Menstrual Cycle; capillaries; endometrium

74
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle?
Because it is the only external marker of the cycle, however, the___ day of menstrual flow is used to mark the beginning day of a new menstrual cycle.

A

The Fourth Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
(Menses); first

75
Q

Menses, or a menstrual flow, is composed of:

A

1) a mixture of blood from the ruptured capillaries;
2) mucin;
3) fragments of endometrial tissue; and
4) the microscopic, atrophied, and unfertilized ovum.

76
Q

Contrary to common belief, a menstrual flow contains only ____ of blood;

A

30 to 80 ml

77
Q

if it seems to be more, it is because of the _______.

A

accompanying mucus and endometrial shreds

78
Q

The iron loss in a typical menstrual flow is approximately ___.

A

11 mg

NCM 107 LEC (4 decks)

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