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SUGER > Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

when does the follicular phase occur?

A
  • length can vary

~days 1-14

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2
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

day 14

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3
Q

when does the luteal phase occur?

A

always 14 days before menses

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4
Q

what hormones cause ovulation?

A

oestrogen-induced LH surge

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5
Q

what hormone causes the luteal phase?

A

progesterone

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6
Q

what uterine phase(s) occur days 1-14?

A
  • menstrual

- proliferative

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7
Q

what uterine phase(s) occur days 15-28?

A

secretory

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8
Q

what does FSH bind to?

A

granulosa cells

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9
Q

what are the actions of FSH?

A
  • stimulates follicle growth
  • allows conversion of androgens (from theca cells) → oestrogens
  • stimulates inhibin secretion
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10
Q

what does LH bind to?

A

theca cells

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11
Q

what is the action of LH?

A

stimulates production & secretion of androgens

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12
Q

what is the difference in GnRH secretion before and after the onset of puberty?

A

before - released at steady rate

after - released in pulses

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13
Q

what effects does oestrogen have on the HPG axis?

A

moderate levels - negative feedback
high levels - (in absence of progesterone) positive feedback
in presence of progesterone - negative feedback

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14
Q

what effect does inhibin have on the HPG axis?

A

inhibits FSH

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15
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. follicular
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal
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16
Q

what is a follicle?

A

primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa and theca cells (stromal cells)

17
Q

summarise the follicular phase

A

Follicles begin to mature and prepare to release an oocyte

18
Q

what controls the maturation of the follicles?

A
  • LH

- FSH

19
Q

what happens in days 1-10 of the follicular phase?

A
  1. Theca cells develop receptors and bind LH
    • > Secrete androgen
  2. Granulosa cells develop receptors and bind FSH
    • > Secrete aromatase - converts androgen → oestrogen
20
Q

what happens in days 10-14 of the follicular phase?1

A
  1. follicles grow and oestrogen released in bloodstream
  2. increased oestrogen acts as negative feedback signal to HPG axis
  3. less FSH -> some follicles die
  4. follicle with most FSH receptors continues to grow
  5. high oestrogen acts as positive feedback signal to HPG axis
  6. high levels of FSH & LH 1-2 days before ovulation
21
Q

what happens in ovulation?

A
  1. LH surge
  2. Follicle ruptures
  3. Mature oocyte assisted to fallopian tube by fimbria
22
Q

how long does the mature oocyte remain viable in the fallopian tube?

A

~24 hours

23
Q

summarise the luteal phase

A

Remnant of the ovarian follicle becomes the corpus luteum

24
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

Leutinised theca & granulosa cells

25
Q

what happens in the luteal phase?

A
  1. leutinised theca & granulosa cells continue to secrete androgen/produce oestrogen
  2. low LH -> granulosa cells produce more progesterone than oestrogen
  3. Progesterone acts as negative feedback signal on HPG axis
  4. Leutinised granulosa cells begin secreting inhibin
  5. Oestrogen levels decline ⇒ progesterone is the dominant hormone
26
Q

what is the effect of high levels of progesterone and low levels of oestrogen?

A
  • signal ovulation has occurred

- helps to make endometrium receptive to implantation of fertilised gamete

27
Q

what are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. menstrual
  2. proliferative
  3. secretory
28
Q

when does the menstrual phase occur?

A

days 1~5

29
Q

what is menses?

A

beginning of a new menstrual cycle

30
Q

summarise the proliferative phase

A

Changes in endometrium optimise chance of fertilisation

31
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase?

A

high oestrogen levels
→ thickening of endometrium
→ growth of endometrial glands
→ emergence of spiral arteries (to feed functional endometrium)
→ change the consistency of the cervical mucus (more hospitable to incoming sperm)

32
Q

what stimulates the proliferative phase?

A

high oestrogen levels

33
Q

when is the highest chance of fertilisation?

A

days 11-15

34
Q

when does the secretory phase occur?

A

days 15-28

35
Q

what happens on day 15 of the secretory phase?

A

high progesterone levels
→ spiral arteries coil and grow longer
→ uterine glands secrete more mucus

36
Q

what happens after day 15 of the secretory phase?

A
  • cervical mucus thickens (less hospitable for sperm)
  • corpus luteum -> corpus albicans (levels of progesterone and oestrogen decrease)

lowest progesterone levels
→ spiral arteries collapse
→ functional endometrial layer prepares to shed through menstruation

SUGER (3 decks)

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