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FRCOphth Part 1 Anatomy - Skull And Meninges > Meninges And Venous Sinuses Check All > Flashcards

Meninges And Venous Sinuses Check All Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater in the brain?

A

Endosteal layer, meningeal layer

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3
Q

What is the endosteal layer of the dura mater?

A

The ordinary periosteum covering the inner surface of the skull bones

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4
Q

Does the endosteal layer extend through the foramen magnum?

A

No, it does not extend through the foramen magnum

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5
Q

What does the meningeal layer of the dura mater cover?

A

It covers the brain

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6
Q

What is the function of the meningeal layer of the dura mater?

A

It provides tubular sheaths for the cranial nerves

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7
Q

What are the four septa sent inward by the meningeal layer?

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and other septa

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8
Q

What is the function of the septa in the cranial cavity?

A

To restrict rotatory displacement of the brain

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9
Q

Where is the falx cerebri located?

A

In the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

What runs along the upper fixed margin of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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11
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

A crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa

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12
Q

What is the tentorial notch?

A

A gap in the tentorium cerebelli for the passage of the midbrain

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13
Q

What structures are attached to the fixed border of the tentorium cerebelli?

A
  • Posterior clinoid processes
  • Superior borders of the petrous bones
  • Grooves for the transverse sinuses on the occipital bone
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14
Q

What passes forward at the point where the free and attached borders of the tentorium cerebelli cross?

A

The third and fourth cranial nerves

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15
Q

What is found close to the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

A recess for the trigeminal nerve and the trigeminal ganglion

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16
Q

Which sinus runs along the attachment of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Straight sinus

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.

A

Dura

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18
Q

True or False: The pia mater is the strongest layer of the meninges.

A

False

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19
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

A fold of dura mater attached to the superior petrosal sinus and transverse sinus along the petrous and occipital bones

It separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

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20
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli located?

A

Attached to the internal occipital crest, projecting between the two cerebellar hemispheres

It has a posterior fixed margin containing the occipital sinus.

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21
Q

What shape is the falx cerebelli?

A

Sickle-shaped

It is a small fold of dura mater.

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22
Q

What is the function of the diaphragma sellae?

A

Forms the roof for the sella turcica

It has a small opening that allows passage of the stalk of the hypophysis cerebri.

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23
Q

What is the structure of the diaphragma sellae?

A

A small, circular fold of dura mater

It is located above the sella turcica.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ contains the occipital sinus.

A

posterior fixed margin of the falx cerebelli

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25
Q

True or False: The falx cerebelli is larger than the falx cerebri.

A

False

The falx cerebelli is smaller and located in the cerebellum.

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26
Q

What nerves provide the dura mater with sensory supply?

A

Branches of the trigeminal, vagus, first three cervical nerves, and sympathetic system

These branches facilitate the sensory innervation of the dura mater.

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27
Q

What sensation does stretching of the dura produce?

A

Headache

The dura is sensitive to stretching, which triggers headache sensations.

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28
Q

What nerve stimulation causes referred pain to the same side of the head?

A

Stimulation of the sensory endings of the trigeminal nerve above the tentorium cerebelli

This phenomenon is due to the sensory pathways of the trigeminal nerve.

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29
Q

What is the effect of stimulating dural endings below the level of the tentorium?

A

Referred pain to the back of the neck and scalp

This referred pain follows the distribution of the greater occipital nerve.

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30
Q

From which arteries does the dura mater receive its arterial supply?

A

Internal carotid, maxillary, ascending pharyngeal, occipital, vertebral arteries

These arteries ensure the vascularization of the dura mater.

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31
Q

Which artery is most clinically significant for the dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

It is commonly damaged in head injuries.

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32
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery arise from?

A

Maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa

This artery plays a crucial role in supplying the dura mater.

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33
Q

How does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

Through the foramen spinosum

It lies between the meningeal and endosteal layers of dura after entering.

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34
Q

What does the anterior (frontal) branch of the middle meningeal artery groove?

A

Anteroinferior angle of the parietal bone

Its course corresponds to the underlying precentral gyrus of the brain.

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35
Q

What is the function of the meningeal veins?

A

Drain blood from the dura mater

The middle meningeal vein drains into the pterygoid venous plexus or the sphenoparietal sinus.

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: The middle meningeal vein follows the branches of the _______.

A

middle meningeal artery

This relationship is crucial for venous drainage of the dura mater.

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37
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

A delicate, impermeable membrane covering the brain, lying between the pia mater and the dura mater

The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges surrounding the brain.

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38
Q

What separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater?

A

The subdural space

The subdural space is a potential space that can become significant in certain medical conditions.

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39
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid serves to cushion the brain and maintain intracranial pressure.

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40
Q

What are subarachnoid cisternae?

A

Widely separated areas between the arachnoid and pia mater

These cisternae allow for the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

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41
Q

Name one subarachnoid cistern.

A

Cisterna cerebellomedullaris, cisterna pontis, or cisterna interpeduncularis

Each cistern is located at a specific region around the brain.

42
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

Projections of the arachnoid into venous sinuses

Arachnoid villi facilitate the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid into the bloodstream.

43
Q

Where are arachnoid villi most numerous?

A

Along the superior sagittal sinus

This area is critical for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

44
Q

What do aggregations of arachnoid villi form?

A

Arachnoid granulations

Arachnoid granulations play a role in the resorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

45
Q

What connects the arachnoid to the pia mater?

A

Delicate strands of fibrous tissue

These strands traverse the fluid-filled subarachnoid space.

46
Q

What must pass through the subarachnoid space?

A

Structures passing to and from the brain to the skull or its foramina

This includes all cerebral arteries, veins, and cranial nerves.

47
Q

What happens at the point where cranial nerves exit the skull?

A

The arachnoid fuses with the epineurium of the nerves

This fusion helps protect and support the nerves as they exit the cranial cavity.

48
Q

How does the arachnoid relate to the optic nerve?

A

It forms a sheath that extends into the orbital cavity through the optic canal

This sheath fuses with the sclera of the eyeball.

49
Q

Fill in the blank: The subarachnoid space extends around the optic nerve as far as the _______.

A

eyeball

This extension provides a protective layer for the optic nerve.

50
Q

What does the pia mater form in the brain’s ventricles?

A

The tela choroidea of the roof of the brain’s third and fourth ventricles

The tela choroidea is a thin membrane that supports the choroid plexus.

51
Q

With which structure does the pia mater fuse to form the choroid plexuses?

A

The ependyma

The choroid plexuses are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.

52
Q

In which ventricles are the choroid plexuses formed?

A

Lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

The choroid plexus is crucial for maintaining the homeostasis of cerebrospinal fluid.

53
Q

Where are the venous sinuses of the cranial cavity located?

A

Between the layers of the dura mater

54
Q

What type of tissue lines the venous sinuses?

A

Endothelium

55
Q

What is absent in the walls of the venous sinuses?

A

Muscular tissue

56
Q

Do venous sinuses contain valves?

A

No

57
Q

What do venous sinuses receive tributaries from?

A
  • Various parts of the brain
  • The diploe
  • The orbit
  • The internal ear
58
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus begin?

A

At the foramen cecum

59
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus occasionally receive?

A

A vein from the nasal cavity

60
Q

In which direction does the superior sagittal sinus run?

A

Backward

61
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus groove?

A

The vault of the skull

62
Q

At which anatomical feature does the superior sagittal sinus deviate to one side?

A

The internal occipital protuberance

63
Q

True or False: The walls of venous sinuses have muscular tissue.

A

False

64
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus receive during its course?

A

The superior cerebral veins

It is dilated at the internal occipital protuberance to form the confluence of the sinuses.

65
Q

What is the confluence of the sinuses?

A

A dilation at the internal occipital protuberance where the superior sagittal sinus connects with the right transverse sinus

It also connects to the opposite transverse sinus and receives the occipital sinus.

66
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus occupy?

A

The free lower margin of the falx cerebri.

67
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus join to form the straight sinus?

A

The great cerebral vein at the free margin of the tentorium cerebelli.

68
Q

What is formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein?

A

The straight sinus.

69
Q

What do the transverse sinuses receive?

A
  • Superior petrosal sinuses
  • Inferior cerebral and cerebellar veins
  • Diploic veins
70
Q

Where do the transverse sinuses begin?

A

At the internal occipital protuberance.

71
Q

What is the continuation of the transverse sinuses?

A

The sigmoid sinuses.

72
Q

What do the sigmoid sinuses become continuous with?

A

The superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.

73
Q

Where does the occipital sinus commence?

A

Near the foramen magnum.

74
Q

What does the occipital sinus communicate with?

A

The vertebral veins.

75
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses located?

A

In the middle cranial fossa on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone.

76
Q

What anatomical feature gives the cavernous sinuses a spongy appearance?

A

Numerous trabeculae crossing their interior.

77
Q

What runs through the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Abducent nerve
78
Q

What lies between the endothelial lining and the dura mater in the cavernous sinus?

A

The third and fourth cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

79
Q

What drains posteriorly from the cavernous sinus?

A

The superior and inferior petrosal sinuses.

80
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses?

A
  • Superior petrosal sinus drains into the transverse sinus
  • Inferior petrosal sinus drains into the internal jugular vein
81
Q

Fill in the blank: The two cavernous sinuses communicate with each other by means of the _______.

A

anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses.

82
Q

What is an important communication of each cavernous sinus?

A

With the facial vein through the superior ophthalmic vein.

83
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus receive during its course?

A

The superior cerebral veins

It is dilated at the internal occipital protuberance to form the confluence of the sinuses.

84
Q

What is the confluence of the sinuses?

A

A dilation at the internal occipital protuberance where the superior sagittal sinus connects with the right transverse sinus

It also connects to the opposite transverse sinus and receives the occipital sinus.

85
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus occupy?

A

The free lower margin of the falx cerebri.

86
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus join to form the straight sinus?

A

The great cerebral vein at the free margin of the tentorium cerebelli.

87
Q

What is formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein?

A

The straight sinus.

88
Q

What do the transverse sinuses receive?

A
  • Superior petrosal sinuses
  • Inferior cerebral and cerebellar veins
  • Diploic veins
89
Q

Where do the transverse sinuses begin?

A

At the internal occipital protuberance.

90
Q

What is the continuation of the transverse sinuses?

A

The sigmoid sinuses.

91
Q

What do the sigmoid sinuses become continuous with?

A

The superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.

92
Q

Where does the occipital sinus commence?

A

Near the foramen magnum.

93
Q

What does the occipital sinus communicate with?

A

The vertebral veins.

94
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses located?

A

In the middle cranial fossa on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone.

95
Q

What anatomical feature gives the cavernous sinuses a spongy appearance?

A

Numerous trabeculae crossing their interior.

96
Q

What runs through the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Abducent nerve
97
Q

What lies between the endothelial lining and the dura mater in the cavernous sinus?

A

The third and fourth cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

98
Q

What drains posteriorly from the cavernous sinus?

A

The superior and inferior petrosal sinuses.

99
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses?

A
  • Superior petrosal sinus drains into the transverse sinus
  • Inferior petrosal sinus drains into the internal jugular vein
100
Q

Fill in the blank: The two cavernous sinuses communicate with each other by means of the _______.

A

anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses.

101
Q

What is an important communication of each cavernous sinus?

A

With the facial vein through the superior ophthalmic vein.

FRCOphth Part 1 Anatomy - Skull And Meninges (2 decks)

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