Meninges and Blood Vessels (6A part 2) Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A
  1. Periosteal layer

2. Meningeal layer

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1
Q

What is the outermost meningeal layer? What does it attach to?

A

Dura mater ; it is attached to the interior surface of the skull

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2
Q

What structures are found between the two layers of the rural mater?

A

Venous sinuses (including superior sagittal and lateral sinuses)

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3
Q

Which layer is found deep to the dura mater?

A

Arachnoid mater

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4
Q

What space is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

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5
Q

What meningeal layer is adherent to the surface of brain and thus is the deepest layer?

A

Pia mater ; separates the brain from the CSF in the subarachnoid space

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6
Q

Where is the epidural space located?

A

Between the skull and dura mater

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7
Q

What space is between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater? What is found in this space?

A

Subarachnoid space. It is filled with CSF

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8
Q

What two spaces in the meninges are potential spaces, i.e. they do not exist under normal circumstances?

A
  1. Epidural space

2. Subdural space

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9
Q

Which space is likely to have an arterial bleed?

A

Epidural space. (Esp after injury that fractures the skull, the middle meningeal artery may bleed –> epidural bleed; may separate the dura from the skull)

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10
Q

What space usually has venous bleeds into it?

A

Subdural space (bridging veins connecting the Dural venous sinuses may rupture)

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11
Q

What kind of injury may cause a subdural bleed?

A

Things causing shear, like shaking the head. Often a cause of death in “shaking baby syndrome”

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12
Q

Other than CSF, what resides in the subarachnoid space?

A

Large blood vessels positioned at the base of the brain and surrounding it. Rupture may lead to blood in the Subarachnoid space

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13
Q

What are two possible causes of a subarachnoid hemorrhage or subarachnoid hematoma? (I.e. Blood in the subarachnoid space)

A

Stroke or rupture of arterial aneurysm

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14
Q

What two structures are formed by the dura mater that help separate different compartments of the brain?

A
  1. Falx cerebri

2. Tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

What does the falx cerebri partially separate?

A

The right and left hemispheres of the brain

16
Q

What venous sinus runs along the superior border of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

17
Q

What two areas does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

Middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa (which is also known as infratentorial compartment, which contains the cerebellum and brainstem)

18
Q

What two nerves innervated the dura mater in order to sense cranial swelling?

A
  1. Meningeal branch of trigeminal n. (V) - Ant. and middle cranial fossae
  2. Vagus n. (X); (meningeal branches)
19
Q

Although the spinal cord is covered by meninges very similarly to the brain, which two layers proceed out into the peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Dura mater

2. Arachnoid mater

20
Q

What does the dura mater form when in a peripheral nerve?

A

Epineurium

21
Q

What does the arachnoid mater form when in a peripheral nerve?

A

Perineurium

22
Q

What two major pairs arteries serve the brain?

A
  1. Internal carotid a. (right and left)

2. Vertebral a. (right and left)

23
Q

Which arteries (one on each side) supply the face, scalp, and the meninges overlying the brain?

A

External carotid ; ( common carotids bifurcate into internal and external at the level of the angle of the jaw)

24
Q

What is the first branch off the internal carotid arteries, just at the apex of the hairpin turn they take after entering the cranium throughou the carotid canal?

A

Ophthalmic a.

25
Q

What two arteries do the internal carotids branch into after the hairpin turn (when headed back towards the dorsum)?

A

Middle and anterior cerebral a.

26
Q

What artery does the vertebral artery brach off of ( this happens on both sides)?

A

Subclavian artery

27
Q

At what level do the vertebral arteries enter the vertebral foramen?

A

At the C6 level

28
Q

What artery do the right and left vertebral arteries fuse to form? At the junction of what two structures does this occur?

A

Basilar a. Occurs at the junction of the pons and medulla

29
Q

What are the terminal branches (right and left of same name) of the basilar artery? (Hint: involved in Circle of Willis

A

Posterior cerebral a. (Right and left)

30
Q

Which arteries connect the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral a., thus forming the posterior part of the Circle of Willis?

A

Posterior communicating arteries. (There is one on each side)

31
Q

What artery connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries, completing the anterior portion of the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior communicating artery; (there is only one of these, in contrast to the post. communicating arteries in which there is one on each side

32
Q

What is the functional significance of the Circle of Willis?

A

Allows for collateral blood flow to one or more of the major brain arteries is one is obstructed or occluded.

33
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral side of the cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

34
Q

Which artery supplies the medial/interior aspect of the cortex?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

35
Q

Which artery supplies the cortex on the inferior, posterior surface and also the interior side of the cortex?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

36
Q

What 2 venous sinuses draino into the straight sinus, located at the inferior, posterior margin of the falx cerebri?

A
  1. Great cerebral vein of Galen

2. Inferior sagittal sinus

37
Q

What two venous sinuses merge to form the confluence of sinuses?

A
  1. Straight sinus
  2. Superior sagittal sinus

(Transverse sinuses, one on either side also communicate with the confluence; these should drain the sinus though)

38
Q

Occlusion of major venous sinuses may cause what?

A

Seizures, tissue damage, or CSF backup