Mendelian Genetics Flashcards
Testcross
A way to determine if an organisms is heterozygous or homozygous for a dominant trait.
What is the forked-line method?
It is a method to do a trihybrid cross by using forked lines to “track” the inheritance.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Genetic material is contained in chromosomes.
Locus
A location on a chromosome where a specific gene is located.
Allele
A variant of a given gene.
Product law
The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of the two individual probabilities.
How to classify two chromosomes as homologous chromosomes?
Same length and centromere position.
During meiosis, they pair up.
Contain identical order of gene loci.
Sum law
The probability of obtaining a single outcome, where the outcome can be achieved by two or more events, is equal to the sum of the probabilities of the individual events.
With probability, predictions of possible outcomes are based on what? Why?
Large sample sizes. A small sample size may give abnormal ratios and influence probability. These variations are due to chance.
What happens to chance deviation as sample size increases?
It diminishes.
Chance deviation
Deviations from expected results are due to chance.
What are Mendel’s hypothetical ratios based on?
Each allele is dominant or recessive.
Segregation is unimpeded.
Independent assortment takes place.
Fertilization is random.
What should you remember when predicting or analyzing genetic outcomes?
Independent assortment and random fertilization are susceptible to deviations due to chance.
Chance deviation diminishes as sample size increases.
MP: Unit factors in pairs.
Genetics characters are controlled by unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms.
MP: Dominance/Recessiveness
When two different unit factors are present in an individual, one is dominant and one is recessive.
