Memory Traces and Binding

Question 1

Donald Hebb

Answer 1

was a Canadian psychologist known for his influential work on the neural basis of learning and memory. He is best known for his groundbreaking theory, often summarized by the phrase “cells that fire together wire together.” Hebb’s ideas laid the foundation for our understanding of how neural networks and synapses are involved in memory formation. Here are some key aspects of Donald Hebb’s theories on memory:

Hebbian Learning: Hebbian learning is the central concept in Hebb’s theory. He proposed that when two neurons (or cells) are repeatedly activated simultaneously, the connection (synapse) between them is strengthened. In other words, if neuron A frequently and consistently fires just before or in conjunction with neuron B, the connection between neurons A and B will be strengthened.

Neural Plasticity: Hebb’s theory emphasized the idea of neural plasticity, which is the brain’s ability to reorganize its structure and function based on experiences and learning. This plasticity is driven by the strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections between neurons.

“Cells That Fire Together Wire Together”: This phrase summarizes Hebb’s postulate that co-activated neurons form stronger connections, while neurons that are not co-activated lose their connection strength.

Engram: Hebb introduced the concept of the engram, which he described as the physical trace of a memory within the brain. According to his theory, memories are stored in the form of neural engrams.

Learning and Memory: Hebb’s theory was foundational in explaining how learning and memory occur in the brain. He proposed that repeated and coordinated neural activity is the basis of the formation of memories.

Hebb’s Rule: Hebb’s theory has sometimes been referred to as Hebb’s rule. This rule states that synaptic connections are strengthened when the presynaptic neuron’s activity is consistently followed by postsynaptic neuron activity.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): Hebb’s ideas contributed to the understanding of long-term potentiation, a phenomenon where synaptic connections are strengthened following repeated and synchronized neuronal firing. LTP is considered one of the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory.

Neural Networks: Hebb’s work laid the foundation for understanding how neural networks form and reorganize based on experiences and learning. His ideas are closely related to the concept of connectionism in cognitive science, which involves the study of how interconnected neural units process information.

Question 2

How is memory stored in the brain?

Answer 2

The storage of memory in the brain is a complex and dynamic process that involves various brain regions and intricate neural networks. While the exact mechanisms of memory storage are still an active area of research, several key principles and structures are associated with the formation and consolidation of memories:

1. Encoding: Memory formation begins with the encoding of information. When we experience something new, the brain encodes the details of the experience as neural patterns. This involves changes in the strength and connectivity of synapses, which are the connections between neurons. The specific patterns of neural activity represent the memory.
2. Hippocampus: The hippocampus is a key brain structure for the initial encoding and early consolidation of declarative memories, which include facts and events. It plays a critical role in the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory.
3. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): LTP is a process in which the synaptic strength between neurons is increased due to repeated and synchronized firing of those neurons. This is believed to be a cellular mechanism for memory formation.
4. Neurotransmitters: Various neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, play a role in strengthening synaptic connections during memory encoding and consolidation.
5. Synaptic Plasticity: The brain’s ability to change the strength and structure of synapses, known as synaptic plasticity, is fundamental to memory storage. This includes both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which can weaken synaptic connections.
6. Structural Changes: Memory storage is associated with structural changes in the brain. Over time, these changes involve the formation of new synaptic connections and the growth of dendritic spines, small protrusions on dendrites that receive synaptic input.
7. Distribution of Memory: Memories are distributed throughout the brain, and specific details may be stored in different regions. For instance, the visual details of a memory may be stored in visual processing areas, while emotional content is processed in the amygdala.
8. Consolidation: Memory consolidation refers to the process by which memories are stabilized and moved from a fragile, labile state to a more permanent state. This process continues over time and may involve replay of the memory during sleep.
9. Reconsolidation: When a memory is retrieved, it can become temporarily labile again, making it susceptible to modification or reconsolidation. This process allows for the updating of memories over time.
10. Different Types of Memory: The brain stores different types of memories, including:
    - Short-Term Memory: These are brief and transient memories that are held for a short duration.
    - Long-Term Memory: These are more stable and can be stored for an extended period. Long-term memory can be further divided into:
    
    • Declarative Memory: Involves facts and events.
    • Procedural Memory: Involves skills and habits.
11. Retrieval: Memory retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling stored memories. Retrieval involves reactivation of the neural patterns associated with the memory.
12. Neuroplasticity: The brain’s ability to adapt and change over time, known as neuroplasticity, is fundamental to memory storage and adaptation.

Question 3

Reactivation

Answer 3

Reactivation, in the context of memory and neuroscience, refers to the process by which stored memories are retrieved and brought back into conscious awareness. This retrieval process involves the reactivation of the neural patterns and circuits that were initially formed during memory encoding. Reactivation is a key component of the memory consolidation process and plays a crucial role in maintaining and updating memories over time. Here are some key points about reactivation:

1. Memory Retrieval: Reactivation is the mechanism through which we retrieve and recall stored memories. When we remember something, our brain reactivates the neural patterns associated with that memory.
2. Hippocampus Involvement: The hippocampus, a brain structure critical for memory formation, plays a central role in memory reactivation. Initially, memories are dependent on the hippocampus for storage. However, over time, memories undergo a process known as system consolidation, during which they become less reliant on the hippocampus and are integrated into neocortical regions.
3. Consolidation and Updating: During reactivation, the hippocampus replays the neural patterns associated with a memory, and this process contributes to the consolidation of the memory. Additionally, reactivation allows for the potential updating and modification of the memory with new information.
4. Reconsolidation: When a memory is retrieved, it can become temporarily labile or unstable, making it susceptible to modification. This process is known as reconsolidation, and it involves the reactivation of the memory, followed by its restabilization with any updated information. Reconsolidation plays a role in memory flexibility and adaptation.
5. Memory Retrieval Context: The context in which we retrieve a memory can influence the reactivation process. Memories are often more readily retrieved when we are in a context similar to the one in which the memory was originally formed. This phenomenon is known as context-dependent memory.
6. Reactivation During Sleep: Some research suggests that reactivation of memories occurs during sleep, particularly in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep. This reactivation is thought to support memory consolidation and integration.
7. Functional Imaging: Functional brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have provided insights into the neural activity patterns associated with memory reactivation. Researchers can observe the reactivation of specific brain regions when individuals recall memories during imaging studies.
8. Role in Memory Retrieval and Recall: Reactivation is a fundamental process in memory retrieval and recall. It allows individuals to access and use information stored in long-term memory and is essential for everyday cognitive tasks, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Question 4

Cell assembly

Answer 4

A cell assembly refers to a network of neurons in the brain that become interconnected and activated together when processing specific information, representing a concept, or performing a particular cognitive function. It is a fundamental idea in understanding how information is processed and stored in the brain. Here are some key points about cell assemblies:

Interconnected Neurons: Cell assemblies are composed of interconnected neurons that work together to process and represent specific information or concepts. These neurons have strengthened synapses that allow them to communicate more efficiently with one another.

Distributed Processing: Information processing in the brain is often distributed across many different neurons and neural networks. Cell assemblies are one way the brain organizes and synchronizes the activity of multiple neurons to represent a particular cognitive function or piece of information.

Selective Activation: When a particular piece of information or concept is encountered, the neurons in the corresponding cell assembly are selectively and synchronously activated. This activation pattern represents the specific information being processed.

Plasticity and Learning: Hebbian learning principles, which involve strengthening synaptic connections between neurons that fire together, are essential for the formation and strengthening of cell assemblies. Over time, learning and experience can lead to the development and refinement of cell assemblies.

Conceptual Representation: Cell assemblies are a way of representing and encoding conceptual knowledge in the brain. For example, there may be a cell assembly that represents the concept of a specific object, such as an apple, and another that represents the concept of a specific person.

Combinatorial Processing: The brain can generate a vast array of thoughts and representations by combining and recombining cell assemblies in different ways. This combinatorial flexibility allows for the generation of novel ideas and the adaptation of cognitive processes.

Hierarchy and Organization: Cell assemblies can be organized hierarchically. Lower-level cell assemblies represent simpler concepts or features, while higher-level cell assemblies represent more complex and abstract concepts.

Dynamic and Flexible: Cell assemblies are not static entities. They can be dynamically reconfigured as needed for different cognitive tasks or mental operations. This adaptability is a key feature of the brain’s information processing.

Question 5

Reverberating activity

Answer 5

Reverberating activity, in the context of neuroscience, refers to a pattern of neural activity in which a group of interconnected neurons continues to send signals or impulses in a recurrent or oscillatory manner. This activity can be sustained and repetitive, creating a “reverberating” or cyclical pattern of neural firing. Reverberating activity is often associated with certain brain functions, such as short-term memory and the maintenance of neural representations of information over a brief period. Here are some key points about reverberating activity:

1. Short-Term Memory: Reverberating activity is thought to be involved in the short-term storage of information or the temporary maintenance of a neural representation. It allows the brain to hold and manipulate information for a short duration.
2. Networks of Neurons: This type of activity typically involves networks of interconnected neurons. When a stimulus or information is presented, the network of neurons starts firing in a recurrent and synchronized manner.
3. Oscillatory Patterns: Reverberating activity often exhibits oscillatory patterns, with neurons firing in a cyclical fashion. This rhythmic firing may continue for seconds to minutes.
4. Maintenance of Information: Reverberating activity helps to sustain and “refresh” the neural representation of information that is currently being processed or held in short-term memory. This activity can keep the representation active and accessible.
5. Selective Attention: It is believed that reverberating activity may play a role in selective attention, helping to keep relevant information in the focus of attention and suppressing irrelevant information.
6. Neural Synchronization: Neurons involved in reverberating activity tend to be synchronized, meaning they fire together at the same time. This synchronization is thought to contribute to the maintenance of neural representations.
7. Frequency of Reverberation: The frequency at which the reverberating activity occurs can vary and may depend on the specific brain regions and tasks. Different frequencies may be associated with different cognitive functions.
8. Examples in the Brain: One well-known example of reverberating activity is observed in the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with working memory and cognitive control. Neural networks in the prefrontal cortex show sustained activity when individuals need to maintain and manipulate information temporarily.

Reverberating activity is an important aspect of short-term or working memory processes and is related to the brain’s ability to briefly hold and manipulate information for cognitive tasks. It provides a mechanism for keeping information accessible and refreshed for short periods, allowing for cognitive processes like decision-making, problem-solving, and selective attention. The specific neural mechanisms underlying reverberating activity are still an area of active research in neuroscience.

Question 6

Synapse Strength

Answer 6

The strength of a synapse, which is the connection or junction between two neurons, is a crucial factor in determining how information is transmitted in the nervous system. The strength of a synapse is not fixed but can be dynamically adjusted through a process called synaptic plasticity. Here are some key points about synapse strength:

1. Synaptic Plasticity: Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to change their strength over time. There are two primary forms of synaptic plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which correspond to the strengthening and weakening of synapses, respectively.
2. LTP (Long-Term Potentiation): LTP is a process by which synaptic connections are strengthened. It occurs when a presynaptic neuron repeatedly and synchronously fires with a postsynaptic neuron, leading to an increase in the efficiency of the synaptic transmission. This strengthened connection is thought to underlie learning and memory.
3. LTD (Long-Term Depression): LTD is the opposite of LTP and involves the weakening of synaptic connections. It occurs when presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are not activated simultaneously, leading to a decrease in the synaptic efficiency.
4. Hebbian Learning: The famous “Hebbian learning” principle, proposed by Donald Hebb, suggests that synapses are strengthened when the activity of the presynaptic neuron is closely followed by the activity of the postsynaptic neuron. This concept forms the basis of synaptic plasticity.
5. NMDA Receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, especially in LTP. These receptors are involved in allowing calcium ions to enter the postsynaptic neuron when a synapse is strongly and repeatedly activated.
6. Synaptic Strength and Learning: Changes in synaptic strength are thought to underlie learning and memory. When information is learned, synapses involved in encoding that information may become stronger, allowing for more efficient transmission of the learned content.
7. Habituation and Sensitization: Changes in synapse strength also play a role in habituation and sensitization, which are basic forms of learning in which responses to repetitive or novel stimuli are modified.
8. Dynamic Process: Synapse strength is not a static feature but a dynamic and adaptive one. It can be modified in response to learning, experience, and changes in the environment.
9. Disease and Disorders: Disruptions in synapse strength or synaptic plasticity are associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and schizophrenia.
10. Homeostasis: Synaptic strength is also subject to homeostatic regulation, where the brain maintains a balance to prevent synapses from becoming too weak or too strong. Homeostatic mechanisms help stabilize neural networks.
11. Synaptic Pruning: During development, synapse strength can change dramatically as neural networks are refined. Excessive or weak synapses may be pruned or eliminated.

Question 7

LTP

Answer 7

LTP is a form of synaptic plasticity, which is the brain’s ability to modify the strength of synaptic connections between neurons. Specifically, LTP involves the strengthening of these connections.

Hebbian Learning: LTP is often associated with Hebbian learning, a concept proposed by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb. Hebb’s postulate states that “cells that fire together, wire together.” In the context of LTP, when the presynaptic neuron repeatedly and synchronously fires with the postsynaptic neuron, the synaptic connection between them becomes stronger.

Mechanisms of LTP: LTP typically involves an increase in the number or efficiency of neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse, changes in postsynaptic membrane properties, and an increase in the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron. The specific molecular mechanisms underlying LTP include the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, calcium ion influx, and the strengthening of synapses through protein synthesis.

Types of LTP: There are several different forms of LTP based on the pattern and frequency of synaptic stimulation. Two primary forms are:

Associative LTP: Occurs when two synapses on a postsynaptic neuron are activated simultaneously, leading to the strengthening of both synapses.
Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP): LTP occurs when the presynaptic neuron fires just before the postsynaptic neuron, and long-term depression (LTD) occurs when the order is reversed.
Duration: LTP, as the name suggests, is long-lasting. It can persist for hours, days, or even longer, which makes it a candidate for the cellular basis of long-term memory.

Role in Learning and Memory: LTP is thought to play a significant role in learning and memory processes. The strengthening of synapses through LTP allows for more efficient communication between neurons and the formation of stable neural representations of learned information.

Question 8

Post-synaptic and pre-synaptic

Answer 8

The term “post-synaptic” pertains to the part of a synapse that receives signals from the presynaptic neuron. In a typical synapse, which is the junction between two neurons, the signal flows from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. Here are the key points to understand about the post-synaptic component: the postsynaptic neuron is the receiving neuron.

2. Signal Transmission: At the synapse, the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which is the small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. These neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron’s cell membrane.
3. Receptors: The postsynaptic neuron contains receptors on its cell membrane that are specific to the neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron. When neurotransmitters bind to their corresponding receptors, they initiate changes in the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane potential.
4. Signal Integration: The postsynaptic neuron integrates the signals it receives from multiple synapses. If the net effect of these signals is to depolarize the postsynaptic neuron sufficiently, it may generate an action potential and transmit the signal to other neurons.
5. Synaptic Plasticity: The strength of the synapse, including its postsynaptic responsiveness, can be modified through synaptic plasticity. This process allows the nervous system to adapt and learn. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are examples of synaptic plasticity phenomena that influence the postsynaptic component.
6. Dendritic Branches: The postsynaptic neuron’s dendritic branches are the primary locations where synapses are formed. Dendrites receive input from multiple presynaptic neurons, and the integration of signals occurs within the dendritic tree.
7. Functional Relevance: The postsynaptic component is crucial for the propagation of signals in neural circuits. It plays a role in signal processing, filtering, and decision-making in the brain. The specific changes in the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane potential determine whether a signal is transmitted to other neurons.
8. Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses: Synapses can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory based on the effect of their neurotransmitters. Excitatory synapses depolarize the postsynaptic neuron and increase the likelihood of generating an action potential, while inhibitory synapses hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron and reduce the likelihood of an action potential.
9. Complex Signaling: Postsynaptic neurons receive inputs from multiple presynaptic neurons, creating complex networks of signaling. These networks allow for sophisticated information processing and decision-making in the brain.

Understanding the postsynaptic component and how it processes and integrates signals is fundamental to our comprehension of how neural networks function, how information is processed in the brain, and how learning and memory occur. It’s an essential concept in the field of neuroscience.

Question 9

The Morris Water Maze

Answer 9

The Morris water maze is a widely used behavioral test in neuroscience and psychology to study spatial learning and memory, particularly in rodents. It was developed by Richard G. Morris in 1984 and has since become a valuable tool for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying spatial memory and cognitive function. Here are the key features of the Morris water maze:

Apparatus: The Morris water maze consists of a large circular pool (usually a large tub) filled with opaque water, which is made cloudy by adding non-toxic substances like milk. A hidden platform is placed just below the water’s surface in one of the pool’s quadrants.

Objective: The primary objective of the Morris water maze is to assess a rodent’s ability to learn the spatial location of the hidden platform and to navigate to it. This test is used to study spatial memory, which involves remembering and recalling the location of objects or goals in space.

Procedure:
1. Training Phase: During the training phase, the rodent is placed in the pool and must find the hidden platform, which remains in the same location throughout training. The animal learns to use spatial cues in the room to locate the platform.

2. Testing Phase: In the testing phase, the platform is either removed, moved to a different location, or the room cues are changed. The rodent’s ability to remember the platform’s location or adapt to changes in the environment is assessed.

Measures:
- Latency: The time it takes for the rodent to find and climb onto the hidden platform.
- Path Length: The distance the rodent swims before reaching the platform.
- Swimming Speed: The speed at which the rodent swims.
- Probe Trials: In some versions of the test, a probe trial is conducted where the platform is removed, and the time spent in the target quadrant (where the platform was) is measured.

Spatial Memory: The Morris water maze assesses the rodent’s spatial memory, which involves remembering the platform’s location based on distal spatial cues rather than relying on procedural learning or visible cues.

Brain Research: The Morris water maze is often used in conjunction with neuroscientific techniques to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in spatial memory. For example, it has been used to study the role of the hippocampus and other brain regions in spatial learning and memory.

Applications: The Morris water maze has been used to study spatial memory in a wide range of animal models, including mice and rats. It has applications in basic research on memory and cognition, as well as in understanding cognitive impairments in various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Question 10

LTP and memory

Answer 10

1. blocking LTP prevents memory formation
2. Reversal of LTP produces forgetting
3. Learning leads to LTP-like changes
4. Producing LTP creates false memories or masks existing memories

Question 11

Zeta-inhibitory peptide IP effects on memory and LTP

Answer 11

Zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP) is a substance used in neuroscience research to investigate the role of the enzyme protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) in memory and synaptic plasticity, particularly long-term potentiation (LTP). PKMζ is believed to play a significant role in maintaining synaptic strength and long-term memory. ZIP is a synthetic peptide that can inhibit the activity of PKMζ. Here’s how ZIP affects memory and LTP:

1. Memory Extinction: One of the most well-known effects of ZIP is its ability to disrupt the persistence of long-term memory. When ZIP is applied to specific brain regions, such as the hippocampus, it can impair the retention of previously learned information. This has led to the hypothesis that PKMζ activity is necessary for the maintenance of established long-term memories.
2. Reversal of LTP: ZIP can also reverse previously established LTP. LTP is a process that strengthens the synaptic connections between neurons and is considered a cellular model of memory formation. The application of ZIP can weaken or erase LTP, suggesting that PKMζ is involved in maintaining the synaptic changes that underlie LTP.
3. Mechanism of Action: ZIP inhibits the catalytic activity of PKMζ, which is thought to be responsible for maintaining synaptic potentiation. By blocking PKMζ, ZIP may disrupt the molecular processes that keep synapses strong and stable.
4. Debate and Controversy: It’s important to note that the effects of ZIP on memory and LTP are a topic of ongoing debate and research in the field of neuroscience. While early studies suggested that ZIP could erase long-term memories and LTP, more recent research has questioned the specificity and effectiveness of ZIP. Researchers are still working to clarify the precise role of PKMζ and the extent to which ZIP can selectively target its activity.
5. Therapeutic Implications: Understanding the role of PKMζ and the effects of ZIP has implications for the development of potential treatments for conditions involving maladaptive memories, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If ZIP or similar compounds can be used to weaken or erase specific traumatic memories, it could have therapeutic applications.

Question 12

V4

Answer 12

V4 is a specific region in the visual cortex of the brain, and it plays a critical role in processing visual information related to colour and form. Here are some key points about V4:

Location: V4 is located in the occipital lobe, which is the region at the back of the brain that is primarily responsible for processing visual information.

Visual Pathways: Visual information from the eyes is transmitted to the primary visual cortex (V1) and then proceeds through a hierarchy of visual processing areas. V4 is situated in this hierarchy, downstream from V1, and is considered part of the ventral visual stream.

Colour Processing: V4 is particularly associated with the processing of colour information. Neurons in this region are sensitive to different wavelengths of light and can differentiate between various colours. Damage to V4 can lead to colour blindness or impairments in colour perception.

Form and Shape Processing: In addition to colour, V4 is involved in the processing of complex forms and shapes. It helps in the perception of shapes, contours, and objects. Neurons in V4 are sensitive to the orientation and curvature of edges and contours.

Integration of Color and Form: V4 integrates colour and form information to provide a more complete representation of visual stimuli. This integration helps the brain perceive the colours and shapes of objects in the visual field.

Colour Constancy: V4 contributes to colour constancy, which is the ability to perceive the consistent colour of an object under varying lighting conditions. This is crucial for our ability to recognize objects and their colours in different environments.

Feedback Connections: V4 has extensive connections with other visual processing areas, including V1 and the inferotemporal cortex (IT), allowing for the exchange of information related to colour, form, and object recognition.

Visual Perception: The information processed in V4 is crucial for various aspects of visual perception, such as recognizing and identifying objects and discriminating between objects based on colour and form.

Question 13

V5

Answer 13

is a specific region within the visual cortex of the brain. V5 is primarily associated with the processing of motion and is part of the dorsal visual stream, which is involved in visual processing for action and spatial perception. Here are some key points about V5:

Location: V5 is located in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, near the superior temporal sulcus.

Motion Processing: V5 is specialized for the processing of visual motion. Neurons in this area are highly sensitive to the direction, speed, and coherence of moving objects or patterns in the visual field. This specialization allows the brain to detect and track motion, which is crucial for activities like tracking moving objects or avoiding obstacles.

Integration with Other Visual Areas: V5 receives input from earlier visual areas, including V1 (primary visual cortex) and V2. It is part of a network of regions involved in emotion processing and spatial perception. V5 is often considered the next stage in the hierarchy of visual processing after V1.

Motion Illusions: V5 is involved in processing motion illusions, such as the “motion aftereffect.” This is a phenomenon where prolonged exposure to a moving stimulus causes a stationary object to appear to move in the opposite direction afterwards.

Damage and Deficits: Damage to V5 can lead to specific motion processing deficits, a condition known as akinetopsia or motion blindness. Individuals with akinetopsia have difficulty perceiving and discriminating motion but can still see static objects and forms.

Integration with the Dorsal Stream: V5 is part of the dorsal visual stream, also known as the “where” pathway. This pathway processes information related to the spatial location of objects and their motion. It is involved in tasks such as reaching for objects, navigating through space, and coordinating actions based on the perception of motion.

Visual Perception and Action: The information processed in V5 contributes to our ability to perceive and interact with the dynamic visual environment. It plays a role in various behaviours, such as catching a moving object, following a moving target, and maintaining balance while in motion.

Question 14

Positives of motion detection

Answer 14

Captures attention
helps segment foreground from background
helps compute the distance to various objects in the scene