Memory - Spread Overview

Question 1

Coding, Capacity and Duration of Memory

Answer 1

RESEARCH ON CODING

• Baddeley: Coding in STM and LTM

RESEARCH ON CAPACITY

• Jacobs - Digit Span (STM)
• Miller - Magic Number (STM)

RESEARCH ON DURATION

• Peterson and Peterson - Trigrams (STM)
• Bahrick et al. - Graduation / Yearbook (LTM)

Question 2

The Multi-Store Model of Memory

Answer 2

Outline CODING, CAPACITY, DURATION and interlinking processes (e.g. rehearsal, attention, retrieval) for:

SENSORY REGISTER

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM)

LONG-TERM MEMORY (LTM)

Question 3

Types of Long-Term Memory

Answer 3

EPISODIC MEMORY

SEMANTIC MEMORY

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

Question 4

Working Memory Model

Answer 4

Describe the FUNCTION and FEATURES of:

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

• Phonological Store
• Articulatory Process

VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD

• Visual Cache
• Inner Scribe

EPISODIC BUFFER

Question 5

Explanations for Forgetting: Interference

Answer 5

INTERFERENCE

• General Definition
• Proactive Interference
• Retrospective Interference

EFFECTS OF SIMILARITY

• McGeoch and McDonald - Retroactive Interference and Similarity of Words

Question 6

Explanations for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure

Answer 6

ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE

CONTEXT-DEPENDENT FORGETTING

• Godden and Baddeley (1975) - Divers Underwater/Land & Recall

STATE-DEPENDENT FORGETTING

• Carter and Cassaday (1998) - Anti-Histamine Drug & Recall

Question 7

Factors affecting EWT: Misleading Information

Answer 7

LEADING QUESTIONS

• Loftus and Palmer (1974) - Car Accident Clip & Verbs Variations
• Response-Bias Explanation
• Substitution-Bias Explanation

POST-EVENT DISCUSSION

• Gabbert et al. (2003) - Same Crime from Different Perspectives
• Memory Contamination

Question 8

Factors affecting EWT: Anxiety

Answer 8

NEGATIVE EFFECT ON RECALL

• Johnson and Scott (1976) - Waiting Room, Pen, Knife

POSITIVE EFFECT ON RECALL

• Yuille and Cutshall (1986) - Real-Life Shop Shooting & Witnesses

YERKES-DODSON LAW

Question 9

Improving Accuracy of EWT: Cognitive Interview

Answer 9

E-C-O-P Acronym

1) Report EVERYTHING
2) Reinstate the CONTEXT
3) Reverse the ORDER
4) Change PERSPECTIVE

ENHANCED COGNITIVE INTERVIEW (ECI)
• Social Dynamics