Memory retrieval Flashcards
What is the relationship between Encoding and Retrieval?
Deep processing = build connection
connections = create retrieval paths
encoding = a trail for the future
good encoding = good retrieval
Memory as a network
encoding process builds nodes and links
links = connected nodes have been activated together before
can access ideas following the paths
Can related concepts still receive subthreshold activation
Yes
How does activation spread?
when one node is activates -> activation spreads to nearby nodes
the strength of activation decreases as one moves away from the original node
What are retrieval cues?
bits of information
help locate stored information
spread activation to create retrieval pathways
What effects does context have on retrieval?
more similar the retrieval situation to encoding situation -> Better retrieval
encoding context -> provide retrieval cues
encoding specificity -> learn things in a specific context
What are the types of context?
Environmental cues
Internal Mental state
Types of processing
what is the evident for context-dependent memory
mean numbers of words recalled when the recall situation and learning situation was different
greater number of words recalled when context matches retrieval
noise versus quiet -> when the sound matches the retrieval and learning - better test score
What does context reinstatement mean?
when someone is in a different context but imagines themselves in the encoding context -> number of words recalled is significantly close to when the context is same for both situations
physical reinstatement is better when the context is hard to imagine
what does state-dependent memory mean?
retrieval cues can be related to one’s mental or emotional state
study - drunk versus sober recall
when the internal state matched - performance was better compared to mismatched internal state
What is the spacing effect?
Massed study -> repetitions of the material in a short time -> benefit when the test is soon but not when test is spaced
spaced study -> repetitions of materials spread out over time with gaps in between
spaced effect -> spaced study leads to better long-term retention than massed practice
how is the spacing effect explained
massed practice -> context of encoding is similar to all repetitions
spaced practice -> context will differ for each repetition
during spaced practice - some of the context from different contexts will be more likely to be encountered at retrieval time `
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
retrieval cues -> related to type of processing
study -> semantic judgement versus phonological judgements (rhyming)
when the question was semantic and the encoding was studies using somatic - better results than when asked to rhyme
semantic - deeper processing - higher potential memory performance
What is the testing effect?
It it more effective to test yourself or restudy?
short term -> better performance from restudying
long term -> better performance from testing
tested - boosts memory
retrieval - form of learning
- effective mental routes
- strengthening the memory trace -> pathways and priming
- weaving new contextual details in memory
deeper processing
testing yourself -likely type of processing during retrieval
