Memory Pt 1 and 2 Flashcards
kinds of memory
episodic
semantic
procedural
habitual
conditioning (classical v operant)
priming
statistical
motor sequence learning
rilkean memory
episodic
memories of events ( ex: birthday)
semantic (facts)
remember facts (ex: president of US)
procedural memory
skills (ex: riding a bike)
habitual memory
memory of everyday habits (ex: putting on a seatbelt)
conditioning memory
unconsciously learning to associate one thing with another
operant conditioning
reward and punishment to reinforce behavior (neg and pos)
classical condiitoning
conditioned response with stimulus (ex: pavlov’s dogs)
priming memory
one thing reminds you of another
(ex: thinking of ketchup whenever you see a hot dog)
conceptual associative priming
ex: nurses are essential to a well functioning hospital
what is a word that starts w d?
doctors
perceptual associative priming
cots are uncomfrotable. Which of the following is a word? Blats, Cats, Zats? Answer: Cats
statistical memory
unconscious cognitive process in which repeated patterns, or regularities, are extracted from the sensory environment.
ex: assuming light is from above in dot
statistical learning and word parsing
space between tee and bay because of the words though there is a space equally between all the part
motor sequence learning
involves predictive processing that results in the anticipation of each component of a sequence of actions
rilkean memory
nostalgia
Working memory Luck and Vogel
showed people 4 colored bars, then took them away. then showed 4 colored bars again and asked if there was any difference.
by adding more objects, performance does down. can only keep track of 4-5 objects at once - finite limit to the amount of memories can be kept in working memory
forgetting
Sensory Memory vs Working Memory
working memory can last up to 10 seconds, sensory memory is shorted
forgetting
working memory
reading span task
participants have to remember the last word of each given sen- tence. the sentences are unrelated.
The largest set size for which the subject successfully recalls all of the final words for at least three of five sets is defined as his or her reading span
Henry Molaison
A patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories.
mirror tracing task
Milner: patient HM and other subjects had to trace a star in a mirror
identical implicit learning: muscle memory
no explicit learning: no conscious recollection of doing it, all got better with practice
can still acquire new skills and preserve old skills
chunking
grouping information to memorize less things to maximize memorization for working memory
childhood amnseia and why?
Adults have few autobiographical memories before 3 years of age
Adult have relatively fewer autobiographical memories 3-7 years of age
● Autobiographical memories aren’t formed before 3, fewer 3-7
● Autobiographical memories aren’t retained before 3, fewer 3-7 ( evidence: There seems to be long-term recall in children as young as 9 months, Children seem to have many of the abilities required for memory)
Hyperthymesia
near perfect episodic memories
peterson and peterson (1959) experiment
participants had to recall meaningless 3 consonant syllables such as: TGH, CLS, GPR
splitting longer lists like this into pieces = chunking retains working memory
problem with: police lineup
one should show suspects one by one and not in a lineup because then they’ll likely choose who looks the most similar to who you remember
memory is…
a highly fallible process
misremembering: Brady and Alvarez (2022)
given multiple different sized dots on screen. dots disappear and then you have to indicate the side of a chosen/indicated dot on the screen.
if there are a lot of small dots, you’ll think the chosen dot is smaller than it actually was. same with colors, if dots of a color are generally smaller, and you are given a larger dot size of that color, you will indicate that it was smaller than it was
misremembering on a short term scale. due to humans creating generalizations and mental statistical ideas on what appeared on the screen
random access memory (RAM)
memory can work like this, an organized serachable list
ex: Telephone book. can be systematic by time, location etc.
RAM storage connection: Scrub Jays
If they want a particular food/bug, they will go to a particular area where they remember them being in / if they buried them there. they remember WHEN they buried there ( if the food is still good now) , WHERE it was, and WHAT was there.
Clayton and Dickinson 1999
computational mode of content addressable memory (CAM)
you put in an address-content chart of rows of binary, then provide an input row missing a number from its row, the system will choose the most similar row from the chart to output
CAM Storage connection: scuba diving
scuba diving
you can remember something better if you recreate the total experience.
Godden and Baddeley 1975
storage: State-Dependent retrieval example
ex: being high
you remember things when you are in the same states in which you are experiencing
Neural Network Model of Content-Addressable Memory: Hopfield Network
The goal is to design a neural network that can be used to store patterns, and that will give back the proper stored pattern when it is presented with a partial match to the pattern.
