MEMORY — MODELS Flashcards
Who made the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
Atkinson & Shiffrin
MSM Intro
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model describes how information flows through memory. It is a structural model stating that the SR, STM, and LTM are separate unitary stores, and that information flows through the system in a linear way.
Sensory Register
DURATION = <1s
CAPACITY = Unlimited
CODES = Any type (depends on sense)
STM
DURATION = 18-30s
CAPACITY = 5-9 items
CODES = Acoustically
LTM
DURATION = Lifetime
CAPACITY = Infinite
CODES = Semantically
What happens to unattended information?
It decays
Two types of rehearsal in the MSM
Maintenance Rehearsal — to keep in the STM
Prolonged Rehearsal — to transfer to the LTM
Outline Baddeley’s research
Showed participants 2 word lists that were either acoustically (LTM semantically) similar or dissimilar.
Participants had to immediately (LTM after 20 minutes) recall the list in the correct order.
More mistakes were made on the similar lists, suggesting that the STM codes acoustically and the LTM codes semantically.
Outline Miller’s research
Used the Digit Span Technique
Participants given strings of unrelated digits, increasing by one at a time
Asked to recall the sequence each time a new digit is added until they could no longer recall the entire sequence in the correct order
Miller’s findings and conclusion
Most participants recalled 5-9 items, or more if they ‘chunked’ information.
This suggests the capacity of the STM is limited to 5-9 items. Our digit span can be increased by putting several items into a meaningful ‘chunk’.
Outline Peterson and Peterson’s research
24 undergraduates.
Briefly presented with a consonant trigram.
Then given a random three-digit number and told to count backwards to prevent rehearsal.
They were stopped at different intervals (3s, 6s, etc.) and asked to recall the consonant trigram.
Peterson and Peterson’s findings and conclusion
After 3s, 80% recalled correctly
After 18s 10% recalled correctly
This suggests that unrehearsed information in the STM lasts 18-30s
Outline Bahrick’s research
392 American HS graduates were asked to recall the names of their former classmates
Condition 1 had a photo yearbook
Condition 2 had no photo cue
Bahrick’s findings and conclusion
70% of participants recalled with a photo cue
30% recalled without a photo cue
Certain information types can possibly last a lifetime, especially with cues.
Clive Wearing — MSM
He suffered from amnesia, causing him to be unable to transfer information from the STM to the LTM.
This is evident when his wife tells him things (such as that her friend is having a party) twice within a certain period of time, and he will react as if it’s the first time he’s hearing it.
This supports the MSM as it shows the STM and LTM are separate stores
Who made the Working Memory Model?
Baddeley and Hitch
WMM Intro
Cba!
