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Clinical Neurobiology > Memory & Learning > Flashcards

Memory & Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Dualism

A

The idea by Descartes that the physical and mental matters are separate - causes problems even today

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2
Q

First case of Alzheimers was when?

A

1906

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3
Q

Name of first Alzheimers patient?

A

Auguste

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4
Q

What was the only thing Auguste could remember?

A

The name of objects

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5
Q

When was the notes for the first case of Alzheimers found and published?

A

1996/1997

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6
Q

Best marker to separate MCI from controls?

A

Hippocampus atrophy

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7
Q

Best marker to separate MCI from AD?

A

Whole brain degeneration

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8
Q

Atrophy rate of hippocampus in early stages of AD

A

4-5%

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9
Q

How many percent do not show atrophy in the early stage?

A

20%

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10
Q

Neuronal doctrine

A

Cajal: neurons are separate units

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11
Q

Hebb

A

Hebb pointed to temporal correlation - he predicted processes we couldn’t yet see. Activity depended changes were observed, which is the foundation of learning and neuronal plasticity

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12
Q

patient HM

A

HM had his temporal lobe removed in 1955 and experienced retrograde amnesia (lost long term memory and only had working memory left) - procedural memory intact

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13
Q

Forms of memory

A

Explicit & implicit

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14
Q

Explicit memory

A

Semantic and episodic

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15
Q

Implicit memory

A

procedural, priming, conditioning and non-associated learning

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16
Q

Hippocampus is important for which types of memory?

A

explicit memory including memory about context (spatial, temporal or interoception)

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17
Q

3 areas of the hippocampus

A

dentate gyrus, CA1 & CA3

18
Q

3-step-pathway of the hippocampus

A

1) perforant pathway (axons from entorhinal cortex) –> project to granulate cells (lies in the dentate gyrus (glutamatergic). Axons are mossy fibers
2. ) mossy fiber pathway: project to the pyramidal neurons (glutamatergic) in the CA3 –> project to the pyramidal neurons in the CA1
3. ) the pyramidal to pyramidal projection from CA3 to CA1

19
Q

the dendritic trees of pyramidal cells form the?

A

stratum radiatum

20
Q

bilateral loss of CA1 neurons can lead to?

A

anterograde amnesia

21
Q

E.P. who had complete bilateral hippocampal lesions had which spatial issues?

A

Couldn’t orient himself in a new space, but could recall spatial layout of old neighborhood

22
Q

The hippocampus is not responsible for?

A

Recalling distant memories

23
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Visual agnosia refers toan impairment in recognizing visually presented objects, despite otherwise normal visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, and memory. Patients can recognize objects using other sensory modalities

24
Q

Patient with left lesion implicating the primary visual cortex had which recognition issues?

A

Could draw things from memory but not recognize them

25
Q

Morris water maze

A

test to see if mice can learn to find a hidden platform in water based on spatial cues

26
Q

Morris water maze results for those with hipocampal damaged

A

Mice with hippocampal damage were unable to learn where the platform was

27
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

anterograde and retrograde amnesia for 24 hrs in older patients - believed to be a dysfunction in the CA1 region in the hippocampus

28
Q

Can the Morris water maze be used in humans?

A

Yes, we see transient global amnesia patients are unable to learn in a virtual version of the task

29
Q

Types of LTP

A

Associate (Schaffer Collaterals - most standard)
Associate (Perforant pathway)
Non-associative (mossy fiber)

30
Q

Associate (Schaffer Collaterals) LTP

A

Depend on NMDA activation

31
Q

Associate (Perforant pathway) LTP

A

Depend on NMDA and L-type Ca2+ channel activation

32
Q

Non-associative (mossy fiber) LTP

A

Is not depended on post synaptic receptors, but on presynaptic protein-kinase A activation

33
Q

What happens in NMDA in CA1 is knocked out?

A

No LTP and no spatial learning

34
Q

How does LTP affect CA1 spines?

A

They become more dense and they become more plentiful

35
Q

Grid cells vs. place cells

A

place cells fire for a specific place, where grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex fire for being on the grid or not (is also landmark-independent)

36
Q

LTP loss and place cells

A

Not being able to have LTP makes you unable to have proper place cell firing

37
Q

Where do we have adult neurogenesis?

A

subventricular zone of the dentate gyrus

38
Q

How do stem cells become mature neurons?

A

Come from glial-like cell (radial) –> immature neurons –> mature neurons

39
Q

How long does it take for a dividing stem cell to become a mature neuron?

A

3-4 weeks

40
Q

does the dentate gyrus stem cells eventually become functional neurons?

A

yes, they project to CA3

41
Q

Was it always believed that we had adult neurogenesis in humans?

A

No, a paper in 2018 argued against it

Clinical Neurobiology (9 decks)

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