Memory & Learning Flashcards
Dualism
The idea by Descartes that the physical and mental matters are separate - causes problems even today
First case of Alzheimers was when?
1906
Name of first Alzheimers patient?
Auguste
What was the only thing Auguste could remember?
The name of objects
When was the notes for the first case of Alzheimers found and published?
1996/1997
Best marker to separate MCI from controls?
Hippocampus atrophy
Best marker to separate MCI from AD?
Whole brain degeneration
Atrophy rate of hippocampus in early stages of AD
4-5%
How many percent do not show atrophy in the early stage?
20%
Neuronal doctrine
Cajal: neurons are separate units
Hebb
Hebb pointed to temporal correlation - he predicted processes we couldn’t yet see. Activity depended changes were observed, which is the foundation of learning and neuronal plasticity
patient HM
HM had his temporal lobe removed in 1955 and experienced retrograde amnesia (lost long term memory and only had working memory left) - procedural memory intact
Forms of memory
Explicit & implicit
Explicit memory
Semantic and episodic
Implicit memory
procedural, priming, conditioning and non-associated learning
Hippocampus is important for which types of memory?
explicit memory including memory about context (spatial, temporal or interoception)
3 areas of the hippocampus
dentate gyrus, CA1 & CA3
3-step-pathway of the hippocampus
1) perforant pathway (axons from entorhinal cortex) –> project to granulate cells (lies in the dentate gyrus (glutamatergic). Axons are mossy fibers
2. ) mossy fiber pathway: project to the pyramidal neurons (glutamatergic) in the CA3 –> project to the pyramidal neurons in the CA1
3. ) the pyramidal to pyramidal projection from CA3 to CA1
the dendritic trees of pyramidal cells form the?
stratum radiatum
bilateral loss of CA1 neurons can lead to?
anterograde amnesia
E.P. who had complete bilateral hippocampal lesions had which spatial issues?
Couldn’t orient himself in a new space, but could recall spatial layout of old neighborhood
The hippocampus is not responsible for?
Recalling distant memories
Visual agnosia
Visual agnosia refers toan impairment in recognizing visually presented objects, despite otherwise normal visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, and memory. Patients can recognize objects using other sensory modalities
Patient with left lesion implicating the primary visual cortex had which recognition issues?
Could draw things from memory but not recognize them