memory & language

Question 1

what did wiliam james call long-term memory, and what did he define it as?

Answer 1

James. P. 648. “memory proper (or secondary memory) is the knowledge of an event, or fact…with the additional consciousness that we have experienced it before.”

Question 2

what is episodic memory according to Tulving (1972)

Answer 2

to access & re-experience specific events located in space (where) and time (when)

Question 3

what is semantic knowledge according to Tulving (1972)?

Answer 3

Generalized knowledge of ourselves and the world, abstracted from specific experience

Question 4

what did patients PS and SS show in Verfaellie et al.’s (2000) study?

Answer 4

Patient PS (HC-selective; EM impaired, SM relatively intact)
Patient SS (wider MTL damage; impaired EM & SM)

Question 5

what is semantic dementia

Answer 5

Progressive loss of conceptual knowledge.

Question 6

which part of the hippocampus is responsible for ‘items’ (what) and which is responsible for ‘context’ (where)?

Answer 6

item - perirhinal cortex
context - parahippocampal cortex

Question 7

William James (1890): thought or fact M can activate neural representation N, but for recollection we need activation of …….

Answer 7

prior context (including presence of self) O.

Question 8

familiarity

Answer 8

Sense of knowing without being able to remember context

Question 9

recollection

Answer 9

remembering contextual details

(slower, more effortful than familiarity)

Question 10

does the hippocampus contribute to recollection or familiarity? (Aggleton & Brown, 1999)

Answer 10

recollection

Question 11

Yonelinas (2002): dual-process model

Familiarity:

Recollection:

Answer 11

Familiarity: quantitative memory strength information

Recollection: qualitative information about an event is retrieved

Question 12

Yonelinas et al. (2002) HC amnesic patients impaired on Remembering or Knowing in word recognition?

Answer 12

remembering

Question 13

what does the multiple trace theory suggest?

Answer 13

Contextual memory features are hippocampus-dependent forever.
Recollection/re-experiencing leads to re-encoding in new memory traces across the hippocampus.
Different representations can interact, change, and be used in different contexts.

Question 14

what is working memory? (Cowan, 2017)

Answer 14

“The ensemble of components of the mind that hold a limited amount of information temporarily in a heightened state of availability for use in ongoing information processing”.

Question 15

what is the difference between working memory and short-term memory?

Answer 15

WM = The system/set of abilities that achieves information storage and processing

STM = The temporary storage aspect of this system