memory-features of memory stores Flashcards
What is coding in memory?
the format in which information is stored
True or False: Coding in memory is the same as retrieval.
False
What are the two main types of coding in memory?
Semantic coding and acoustic coding.
Multiple Choice: Which type of coding focuses on the meaning of information? A) Acoustic B) Semantic C) Visual
B) Semantic
What is acoustic coding?
Acoustic coding involves encoding information based on how it sounds.
True or False: Visual coding is a type of semantic coding.
False
What role does attention play in coding in memory?
Attention is crucial as it determines what information gets encoded into memory.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following enhances memory encoding? A) Distraction B) Repetition C) Fatigue
B) Repetition
What is the effect of chunking on memory coding?
Chunking helps to organize information into manageable units, making it easier to encode. it can increase the capacity of STM (magic number 7)
True or False: Information is more easily encoded when it is associated with existing knowledge.
True
Fill in the blank: The process of converting sensory input into a form that can be processed is known as __________.
encoding
Multiple Choice: Which type of memory coding is primarily used for visual information? A) Acoustic B) Semantic C) Visual
C) Visual
What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory coding?
Short-term memory coding is often temporary and limited, while long-term memory coding involves more permanent storage.
True or False: Coding in memory can occur without conscious effort.
True
What is the importance of retrieval cues in memory coding?
Retrieval cues aid in accessing encoded information, facilitating recall.
Fill in the blank: __________ coding is often used in learning languages, as it involves the sounds of words.
Acoustic
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of memory coding? A) Semantic B) Acoustic C) Temporal
C) Temporal
True or False: The more meaningful the information, the less likely it is to be encoded.
False
True or False: Short term memory can hold unlimited information.
False: Short term memory has a limited capacity.
What is the Miller’s Law regarding short term memory capacity?
Miller’s Law states that the average number of items an individual can hold in working memory is about seven, plus or minus two.
Fill in the blank: The primary coding method used in short term memory is _______.
acoustic coding.
Which test is commonly used to measure the capacity of short term memory?
The digit span test.
What does the digit span test involve?
It involves repeating a sequence of numbers in the same order or reverse order.
True or False: Visual coding is the primary method of coding in short term memory.
False: Acoustic coding is the primary method.
What is the capacity of short term memory as suggested by research by miller (1956) and jacobs(1887) ?
The capacity is typically around 7 items.
List one method for testing the duration of short term memory.
One method is the Peterson-Peterson task.
What does the Peterson-Peterson task measure?
It measures how quickly information is forgotten when rehearsal is prevented.
What is proactive interference in short term memory?
Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.
What is retroactive interference in the context of short term memory?
Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.
What is chunking in relation to short term memory?
Chunking is a technique that involves grouping items into larger, manageable units to enhance memory capacity.
What role does rehearsal play in short term memory?
Rehearsal helps to maintain information in short term memory and can aid in transferring it to long term memory.
What is one factor that can influence the duration of short term memory?
The presence of distractions.
True or False: Short term memory capacity can be improved with practice.
True: Practice and strategies like chunking can enhance capacity.
How does age affect short term memory performance?
Age can negatively impact the performance of short term memory, often leading to decreased capacity and duration.
What is the primary coding method used in long-term memory?
Semantic coding
True or False: Long-term memory has a limited capacity.
False
What is the typical duration of long-term memory?
Potentially unlimited
Fill in the blank: Long-term memory can store information for ________.
years or even a lifetime
What is the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory called?
Consolidation
True or False: Long-term memory is primarily encoded acoustically.
False
What type of memory involves the recollection of personal experiences?
Episodic memory
Fill in the blank: The capacity of long-term memory is often described as ________.
theoretically unlimited
What cognitive process is often used to assess the duration of long-term memory?
Recall tasks
Multiple Choice: Which test is commonly used to assess long-term memory? A) Word Recall B) Reaction Time C) Visual Tracking
A) Word Recall
True or False: Long-term memory can be improved through rehearsal.
True
What is the role of cues in long-term memory retrieval?
Cues help trigger the recall of stored information.
What is the phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the retrieval of new information called?
Proactive interference
Fill in the blank: ________ memory is responsible for skills and habits.
Procedural
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory? A) High capacity B) Short duration C) Semantic coding
B) Short duration
What type of long-term memory is responsible for general knowledge?
Semantic memory
True or False: Long-term memory can be tested through recognition tasks.
True
What is the process of strengthening memory traces over time called?
Memory consolidation
Fill in the blank: The ability to remember information after a long period of time is known as ________ memory.
long-term
What is the primary challenge in studying long-term memory?
Measuring the accuracy and retrieval of stored information.
What is a common method for improving long-term memory retention?
Using mnemonic devices
why is the validity of experiments into the capacity of memory questioned?
the tasks and environment are highly artificial and not reflective of every day life meaning it lacks mundane realism (stimuli) and ecological validity
why might humans be bad at remembering sensory information for long periods of time?
evolution- we do not need to retain non useful information, we only need to focus on perceptual information with an immediate survival rate.
why might the notion that stm is coded acoustically (baddley found this) be challenged?
other sensory codes must be used too as some info would be difficult to code acoustically due to the nature of the info e.g appearance (what does a face sound like)
why might individual differences impact stm?
daneman and carpenter found capacity varied between 520 items for those with advanced compared to poor reading comprehension suggesting stm is impacted by individual differences and we cant generalise findings.
why might it be better to study the capacity and duration of stm together?
Reitman suggested the short duration of stm is due to displacement- as new info comes in other info is pushed out due to its limited capacity suggesting duration and capacity are closely linked.
why might LTM being coded semantically be challenged?
things such as songs must be coded acoustically and research shows different areas of the brain are involved with different types of LTM. There are 3 types of LTM surely they should be encoded differently
why did bahricks study have high external validity?
it used real life meaningful memories-photos from a yearbook meaning the findings into the duration of LTM more accurately represent memory in the real world but confounding variables were not controlled (some people may have recently looked at their yearbook)
why is it bad that research into memory often uses artificial stimuli?
it means they lack mundane realism. For example, Baddeley used word lists which is not reflective of real life situations for example people may recall shopping lists better than random word lists as it is a familiar task and has meaning. thid limits external validity as it is not representative of everyday behaviour.
