Memory Decay & Distortion

Question 1

Eyewitness memory is reconstructive and cannot simply be “played back.” This is true for which type of memory?

Answer 1

Episodic

Question 2

As “discovered” by Ebbinghaus, memory may be altered between encoding and retrieval as a result of the passage of time. This is known as the:

Answer 2

Forgetting curve

Question 3

In Snyder and Uranowitz’s (1978) study, participants were more likely to make label-consistent errors about Betty K after receiving intervening knowledge. This demonstrates which type of bias?

Answer 3

Hindsight bias

Question 4

The phenomenon in which current knowledge biases our memory of an event or process is known as:

Answer 4

Hindsight bias

Question 5

Elizabeth Loftus, in her investigation of memory distortion, focused on which event affecting memory?

Answer 5

Misinformation

Question 6

____ occurs when information is provided after an event has already begun to occur; ____ occurs when the information provided is incorrect:

Answer 6

1- Intervening knowledge.
2 -Misinformation.

Question 7

Loftus, Miller and Burns’ (1978) “how far was the car going?” study looked primarily into which psychological phenomenon affecting memory?

Answer 7

The misinformation effect

Question 8

Conformity and the media are two common sources of which event affecting memory?

Answer 8

Misinformation

Question 9

In cases such as TWA Flight 800, the 1995 El Al Crash and Loftus & Banaji’s (1989) study, which source of misinformation caused people to start reporting false memories?

Answer 9

The media

Question 10

Name the 2 types of conformity, as demonstrated in Asch’s line comparison studies:

Answer 10

1- Informational
2 - Normative

Question 11

____ conformity occurs when a person genuinely believes they are mistaken and that those around them are correct:

Answer 11

Informational

Question 12

____ conformity occurs when a person conforms despite knowing that they are correct:

Answer 12

Normative

(This type of conformity results from a fear of judgement or being outcasted by others.)

Question 13

The MORI technique, co-witness paradigms and confederate paradigms can all be used to understand which psychological phenomenon?

Answer 13

Conformity

Question 14

The simple act of repeating a statement and thus making us more likely to believe it is known as:

Answer 14

The illusory truth effect

Question 15

Sources and mechanisms of misinformation can be used interchangeably when discussing memory decay and distortion. True or false?

Answer 15

False

(Sources refer to where misinformation comes from; mechanisms refer to how misinformation distorts memory.)

Question 16

Toland (1990) and McCloskey & Zaragoza (1985) both investigated which mechanism of false memory formation (as introduced to us by Loftus)?

Answer 16

The Standard Misinformation Procedure

Question 17

Our subconscious ability to manipulate details in a retelling of a story, according to our goals, is called:

Answer 17

Audience tuning