memory, cognition, and learning Flashcards
what is cognition?
includes the way we think, solve problems, organize our worlds, communicate with one another, pay attention, intelligence
what are the steps of speech development?
recognizing language, verbal language, telegraphic speech
what is the order in which babies learn speech development?
crying (from birth), cooing (1-2 months), babbling (4-6 months), first words (12 months), two word combinations (18-24 months)
what are examples of nonverbal language?
gestures, tone/inflection/intonation, imitation
who studied whether children learn the rules of a language or if they model others and how?
Jean Berko Gleason, Wug Test, 1958
what did the wug test do and determine?
tested language acquisition with pseudowords, determined that children learn common rules by age 4
what was a negative factor in the wug test?
overregulation may occur
what is Broca’s Aphasia?
trouble producing speech
what is Wernicke’s Aphasia?
trouble understanding speech
what are some other considerations regarding intelligence?
cultural biases in intelligence testing, emotional intelligence
what studies identified whether or not there was one type of intelligence or multiple types of intelligence?
Binet’s mental age, Terman’s IQ, Weschler’s adult and child scales, Gadner’s multiple intelligences
what did Binet’s mental age determine?
the concept of mental age
what did Terman’s IQ determine?
IQ according to calculation, mental age divided by real age x 100, anyone with IQ above 100 is considered smart
what was Weschler’s adult and child scales?
took Binet’s mental age and made different scales for adult and children
what was Gadner’s multiple intelligences
argued that there’s multiple types of intelligence
what were Gadner’s multiple intelligences and what did they mean
musical
body - kinesthetic
interpersonal - understanding others
verbal - linguistic
logical - math
naturistic - green thumb
intrapersonal - understanding yourself
visual - spatial
what is memory made of?
encoding, storage, retrieval
what is encoding
first step in memory, selective attention
what are the three stages in storage?
sensory memory, short-term memory (working memory), maintenance rehearsal
what is sensory memory
very short-term memory
what is short term memory (working memory)
capacity to store a small amount of information in the mind and keep it readily available for a short period of time, maintenance rehearsal (repeating info over and over without absorbing meaning or connecting it with other concepts, focuses on memorizing rather than remembering and is short term)
what is long term memory
elaborative rehearsal (involves making info meaningful, helps transfer information from short term memory to long term memory by relating it to prior knowledge or personal experience)
what is procedural long term memory
type of long-term memory that involves how to perform different actions and skills. It is a form of implicit memory, meaning that someone using procedural memory may not be consciously aware that it’s being accessed. Examples include riding a bike, tying your shoes, and cooking an omelet. Procedural memory is a part of the implicit long-term memory responsible for knowing how to do things
what is declarative ltm
explicit memory, recall of events or facts
what are the two types of declarative ltm
episodic and semantic
what is episodic memory
involves the recollection of personal experiences or events, including the time and place they occurred.
what is semantic memory
stores general knowledge, concepts, facts, and meanings of words, allowing for the understanding and comprehension of language, as well as the retrieval of general knowledge about the world
what are failures of ltm
retrograde and anterograde amnesia
what is retrograde amnesia
unable to recall past memories but can make new memories (HM)
what is anterograde amnesia
can recall past memories but cannot form new memories (Clive Wearing)
what are some strategies to enhance ltm storage
paying attention during encoding storage (eliminating distraction), chunking, elaborative rehearsal technique (ex- self-reference), overcoming the serial position effecr (studying, small sections)
what are some strategies to avoid forgetting
encode, repetition, develop strong cues, deliberative practice, examples
what is the misinformation effect
the distortion of memory that occurs when people are exposed to misleading/misinformation
what are false memories
a psychological phenomenon whereby an individual recalls an event that never happened, or an actual occurrence substantially different way it transpired
retrieval
recognition vs recall, third step in memory, process of remembering and reinstating stores information from long term memory
what is recognition
the ability to recognize something you have seen before
what is recall
the ability to remember something without being prompted
what are the four steps of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, AARM
what is learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
what are the different methods of learning
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
what is classical conditioning
learning through association
who studied classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
what did Ivan Pavlov’s study consist of
conditioning a dog to drool based off association with bell rather than food, changing behavior based on association of bell that signals food rather than the food itself
what are the steps in Pavlov’s study
- before conditioning: unconditioned stimulus (food)–> unconditioned response (salvation)
- before conditioning: neutral stimulus (whistle) –> no conditioned response (no salvation)
- during conditioning: factors (whistle+food) –> unconditioned response (salvation)
- after conditioning: conditioned stimulus (whistle) –>conditioned response (salvation)
contiguity
the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind
contingency
the relationship between a behavior and its consequences, can either be a reinforcement or punishment that occurs after a behavior
stimulus generalization
tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
who studied stimulus generalization and how
watson with little albert, watson made little albert afraid of certain things by conditioning the baby to think
what is operant conditioning
associative learning, behavior is influenced
what is the law of effect
Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation
who studied law of effect and how
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box using cats that had to solve puzzles to get to a food and they continued to solve the puzzle because of a satisfying response
who studied reinforcement and punishment and how
B.F. Skinner, used pigeons to determine the behaviors of operant conditioning by rewarding pigeons when they pecked at a disk at different time intervals
what is observational learning
learning based off observation
who studied observational learning and how
Albert Bandura used bobo dolls to examine how children would behave once they saw how the doll was beimg treated in study, study showed that children learned from observing because they treated the doll the same way
James-Lange Theory
stimuli –> physiological response –> emotion
Schacter-SInger Theory
stimulus–>physiological response +cognitive response–:emotion
what is an example of Schacter-SInger Theory
Duton & Aron (1974): Experimental Bridge vs. Control Bridge
–> misattribution of arousal (or excitation transfer)
nature and nurture
our genetics and our environment
Paul Ekman’s research
6 basic emotions - anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness (emotions that everyone can display/recognize
what is an example of nature
humans learning when its appropriate to express certain emotions based on environment
