Memory - Chapter 7 Flashcards
Learning and Memory
Learning is the process of acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time (Squire, 1987).
Memory
A system that encodes, stores and retrieves information.
Can be defined as ‘the retention of information’
Not static and can change over time
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
The brain takes essentially meaningless information and turns it into meaningful patterns.
Memories of different types of experiences are stored in different brain regions
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory - Synaptic Changes
Neural basis for change in the brain during memory storage is in the synapses.
Memories begin as impulses traveling through the brain circuits, leaving a semi-permanent trace.
The more a memory is utilized, the more potential strength that neuron has, called long-term potentiation.
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
Long-lasting increase in efficiency of neural transmission at synapses.
Basis for learning and memory at neuronal level.
LTP common in Hippocampus
Plays a key role in forming memories
Donald Hebb Neuroscience - Brain and Behaviour
Examined how cells in the brain change over the course of learning
When brain cell consistently stimulates another cell, metabolic and physical changes occur to strengthen the relationship
Hebb’s Law
“Neurons that fire together, wire together”
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Hippocampus and Amygdala
Two parts of the brain are involved in memory are the hippocampus and the amygdala – both in the Midbrain.
Hippocampus involved in a process called consolidation.
The amygdala plays a role in strengthening memories that have strong emotional connections.
Biology of Memory Deterioration
Usually begin to show some declines after 65, but not always
Alzheimer’s Disease is the most frequent cause of dementia (50-60% of cases)
Show memory and language losses, consistent with cortical loss
Multistore Model - Three Types of Memory
- Sensory store: holds raw sensory information from senses
- Short-term store (STS): stimuli retained for several seconds
- Long-term store (LTS): examined information stored for future use
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory is the shortest memory
Information enters the sensory memory and is held for a brief time
Sperling’s test
Sperling flashed a group of lettes for 1/20 of a second
People could recall only half of the letters
When he signaled to recall a particular row immediately after the letters disappeared with a specific tone, people could do so with near-perfect accuracy
Short-term Memory
Memory system that retains information for limited durations
Very brief, 5-20 seconds
STM in adults is 7 pieces of information
Interference With STM
Lose information in STM due to two different processes
1. Decay – fades over time
2. Interference – loss of information due to competition with other information
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Relatively enduring store of information
Includes facts, experiences, and skills that we’ve developed over time
May last decades or a lifetime (perma-store)
Long-term memory errors tend to be semantic (meaning- related) whereas short-term memory errors tend to be acoustic
Subsystems of Long-Term Memory
Declarative memory (explicit memory)
Non-declarative memory (implicit memory)
Both declarative and non-declarative memories declines with age
There is a greater decline in declarative memories with age –particularly with Dementia
Subsystems of Long-Term Memory
- Declarative (Explicit) Memory
- Non-declarative (Implicit Memory)
Working Memory
a mental workspace in which an individual carries out cognitive operations and stores information temporarily
Event Memory
Personal, social, and cultural circumstances influence how memories are organized.
Event memory: long-term memory for events
Autobiographical Memory:
The ability to recall early experiences
“what is ur earliest childhood memory”
Process of memory
Memory works like an assembly line, and before information can make it to long-term, it must first pass through sensory memory and working memory
It does this through three steps
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
Enocdoing
Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
Storage
Maintaining information in memory
Retrieval
Bringing stored material to mind
3 types of encoding
- Semantic Encoding
- encoding of meaning
-including meaning of words - Acoustic Encoding
- encoding of sound
- especially sound of words - Visual Encoding
- encoding of picture images
Storage - Levels of Processing (LOP)
Retention of encoded material over time
Maintaining information in memory requires consolidation
Retrieval
Locating and recovering stored information from memory
Retrieval clues are the search terms used to activate memory—think of a Google search.
The more specific the terms are, the better the locating and recovery of information will be
Forgetting
He memorized a long list of nonsense syllables which he chose because they had no meaning to him
He measured his retention of the list of syllables at certain intervals
Forgetting was most rapid at first - his retention of only 58% after 20 minutes and 44% after one hour
Then the rate of forgetting tapeared off
- 34% after on day, 25% after six days, and 21% after 31 days
Memory Loss Continuum
Normal Aging
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Dementia
Changes in Brain-Age-Related Memory Loss
With age, there may be some changes in the brain occur that affect the processing speed of the brain and in run may affect memory function
Causes of age-related memory loss (not related to Dementia)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)
Bunch of tests to see if person is showing early signs of dementia
Naming, memory, attention, langue, abstraction, delayed
