Memory bk1- Models Of Memory

Question 1

Capacity

Answer 1

How much can be held in a memory store

Question 2

Duration

Answer 2

How long a memory store can hold a memory

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The way information is put into a memory store e.g. visual, semantic, acoustic

Question 4

Short term memory

Answer 4

Memory of events in present or immediate past

Capacity: 7+/-2
Duration: up to 18 seconds
Encoding: acoustically

Question 5

Long term memory

Answer 5

Memory of events in more distant past

Capacity: no limit
Duration: potentially forever
Encoding: semantically

Question 6

Sensory memory

Answer 6

Holds incoming sensory info

Capacity: large
Duration: milliseconds
Encoding: sensory

Question 7

Multi-store model of memory

Answer 7

⬇️environmental stimuli
🔲sensory memory
⬇️attention
🔲stm
⬇️rehersal⬆️retrieval
🔲ltm

Stores are unitary and seperate

Question 8

Evaluate msm

Answer 8

+ serial position effect
20 word list recall, first 5 words recalled the best (recency effect) in ltm, last 5 words recalled best (primacy effect) in stm, middle words forgotten as lack of capacity, shows info into two stores separately
+brain damage
Kf stm damage, hm and clive wearing ltm damage fully functioning stm, memory stores are seperate
- flashbulb memory
Highly emotional events put into ltm without rehersal such as 9/11
-kf
Stm damage, not all of stm was damaged, visual processing was fine but damaged verbal, possible split within stm

Question 9

Working memory model

Answer 9

Model for only stm

                              🔲central executive
                      ⬇️.    ⬇️.   ⬇️

                     🔲.      🔲.     🔲 Phonological loop.                Visuo-spatial sketchpad
                             Episodic buffer

Question 10

Central executive

Answer 10

Directs attention to particular tasks

Controls other systems

Question 11

Episodic buffer

Answer 11

Added later to account for both visual and acoustic info

Limited capacity

Question 12

Phonological loop

Answer 12

Auditory information
Subdivided:
Inner ear - holds info in speech form 1-2 seconds, spoken words enter directly
Inner mouth - written words enter indirectly converted sub vocally, when reading a book

Question 13

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 13

Processes visual and spatial information

Holds visual info for very short time

Question 14

Evaluate wmm

Answer 14

+ kf
Forgetting of auditory much greater than visual stimuli, auditory problems limited to things such as letters and digits but not meaningful sounds (phone ringing), brain damage restricted to phonological loop, separate visual and spatial systems
+baddeley and hitch research
Interference tasks, two tasks at same time both visual performed less well than if done separate. Two things done at same time one is visual one is sound there is no interference, task 1 given statement “b is after a’ and shown ab and asked true or false, task 2 asked to say “the the the” repeatedly, demonstrates dual task performance effect
-simplistic
Central executive seen as too simplistic and vague, probably several components
-musical memory
Doesn’t take musical memory into account, shouldn’t be able to listen to someone talk and music at the same time, inner ear has limited capacity, if music instrumental it can be zoned out and can listen completely to person talking

Question 15

Types of ltm

Answer 15

Episodic
Semantic
Procedural

Question 16

Semantic

Answer 16

Storing info about the world
E.g. london is capital of england
Conscious thought

Question 17

Episodic

Answer 17

Storing info about personal events
E.g. memory of first day of school
Conscious though

Question 18

Procedural

Answer 18

Knowing how to do things through practise and repetition
E.g. how to ride a bike
Doesn’t involve conscious though

Question 19

Evaluate ltm

Answer 19

+brain scans support
Episodic-hippocampus, semantic-temporal lobe, procedural-cerebellum, tulving got ppts do different tasks and scanned brains, found different parts were active when different types of ltm were active,ltm isnt unitary
+hm and clive wearing
Episodic memory damaged as hippocampus damaged,semantic and procedural uneffected, knew meaning of words and how to tie shoelaces, couldnt remember their breakfast or walking dog two hours before,ltm types differ, not unitary store
-lack of evidence to distinguish episodic and semantic
Overlap between two types,semantic clearly originate from episodic, question if episodic is gateway to semantic or if can be formed seperately
+real life application
In those affected by cognitive impairment, usually episodic effected as we can distinguish it allows treatment to be focused on one type of ltm, shows understanding of ltm has positive real life applications