Memory and Sleep Flashcards
Damage to which of the following is likely to have the greatest adverse impact on event-based prospective memory?
A. amygdala
B. mammillary bodies
C. cerebellum
D. prefrontal cortex
Answer D is correct. The prefrontal cortex is important for prospective memory, especially event-based prospective memory. (The cingulate cortex may be involved in time-based prospective memory.)
Which of the following is true about REM sleep and dreaming?
A. All dreams occur during REM sleep.
B. Most dreams occur during REM sleep and are more vivid than those that occur during non-REM sleep.
C. Most dreams occur during REM sleep but are similar in content to those that occur during non-REM sleep.
D. Dreams are equally common during REM and slow-wave sleep but are more likely to be recalled when they occur during REM sleep.
Answer B is correct. Most dreams occur during REM sleep and are more vivid, bizarre, and detailed than those that occur during non-REM sleep.
Which of the following areas of the brain are most responsible for implicit memories?
A. hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
B. mammillary bodies and cerebellum
C. basal ganglia and cerebellum
D. thalamus and mammillary bodies
Answer C is correct. Knowing that implicit memory includes procedural memories (memories for learned skills and actions) would have helped you identify the basal ganglia and cerebellum as the correct answer since both of these brain areas are involved in the control of motor activities.
Long-term potentiation has been linked to the:
A. formation of new memories.
B. recall of emotional memories.
C. maintenance of memories in short-term memory.
D. maintenance of memories in remote long-term memory.
Answer A is correct. Long-term potentiation was first observed in the hippocampus and has been identified as essential for learning and memory formation.
Which of the following is true about the sleep patterns of older (versus younger) adults?
A. Older adults spend more time in Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep.
B. Older adults experience more REM sleep in the second half of the sleep period.
C. Older adults often experience an advanced sleep phase.
D. Older adults often begin a sleep period with REM sleep.
Answer C is correct. Compared to younger adults, older adults spend less time in deep sleep (especially Stage 4 sleep), experience more evenly distributed REM sleep throughout the night, and experience an advanced sleep phase, which involves going to sleep earlier in the evening and waking up earlier.
Sleep spindles and K complexes are markers of Stage ___ sleep.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer B is correct. Theta waves begin in Stage 1 sleep and continue during Stage 2 but are interrupted during Stage 2 by sleep spindles (sudden bursts of moderately fast waves) and K-complexes (large slow waves).
The primary difficulty experienced by the patient known as “H.M.” was related to which of the following?
A. maintaining information in short-term memory
B. forming new long-term declarative memories
C. recalling procedural memories
D. recalling remote long-term declarative memories
Answer B is correct. H.M. experienced some retrograde amnesia for remote long-term declarative memories, but his primary impairment was anterograde amnesia – i.e., an inability to form new long-term declarative memories.
