Memory and Learning

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

process the brain uses to transfer new sensory information into memory

Question 2

Controlled processing

Answer 2

refers to a more effortful process of creating memories

Question 3

Acoustic encoding

Answer 3

concentrate and memorize the way something sounds

Question 4

Semantic encoding

Answer 4

put new information into the context of information we already have committed to memory

Question 5

Self-reference effect

Answer 5

the human tendency to most readily recall information that pertains directly to our lives and ourselves

Question 6

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 6

Repeating the phrase over and over again until you’ve memorized it

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

a person groups information into separate chunks

Question 8

Dual coding hypothesis

Answer 8

Easier to memorize words that are paired with a specific image than to memorize either an individual or word

Question 9

Method of Loci

Answer 9

a person associates an item to be memorized at points along a memorized route

Question 10

Sensory memory:

Two types: Iconic and Echoic memory

Answer 10

is the initial recording of encoding sensory information and is therefore the most fleeting form of memory storage

Iconic memory – responsible for visual information and lasting only for 1/10th of a second
Echoic memory –responsible for auditory information and lasting 3-4 seconds

Question 11

How many pieces of information can short-term memory handle?

Answer 11

7

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

element of short-term memory that allows us to consciously process and manipulate a few pieces of information
Ex: doing math in our head

Question 13

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 13

requires incoming information to be associated with information that has already made its way through long-term memory

Question 14

Long-term memory is divided into:
(I) Implicit (non-declarative) memory
(II) Explicit (Declarative) memory

Answer 14

Implicit – accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli. Also includes procedural memory (Cerebellum)

Explicit – accounts for memories that we must consciously recall with effort and focus. Two types, episodic memory which accounts for experiences and semantic memory which accounts for facts and concepts that we know (Hippocampus)

Question 15

priming

Answer 15

allows to recall a specific piece of information after being presented with a word, phrase or idea that is neurologically close to the desired piece of information

Question 16

State-dependent memory

Answer 16

accounts for the fact that someone who learns a new fact or skill while drunk will remember that fact or skill when they are drunk than when are sober

Question 17

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

inability to create new memories

Question 18

retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

inability to recall memories

Question 19

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia can be caused by

Answer 19

damage to the hippocampus or thiamine deficiency, also known as Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 20

Confabulation

Answer 20

symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome – its the creation of vivid but entirely fabricated memories

Question 21

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 21

can cause memory loss. It is believed to be a result of diminished production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is important for proper functioning of the hippocampus. Without it, neurons of the hippocampus begin to die Sxs include memory loss and atrophy of the brain and dementia (loss of cognitive abilities)

Question 22

Dementia

Answer 22

refers to loss of cognitive abilities. Sxs get much worse as time goes on –> for most part, memory loss is retrograde

Question 23

Agnosia

Answer 23

inability to recognize objects, people or sound, usually one of the three

Question 24

Mirror neurons

Answer 24

located in the frontal and pariental lobes, have a major role in observational learning

Question 25

Famous study that demonstrated observational learning

Answer 25

Bobo doll experiment conducted by Albert bandura