Memory and Cognition Weekly Quiz Question Flashcards
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the
a. size of the nerve impulses
b. rate of nerve firing
c. speed of nerve conduction
d. all of these
b. rate of nerve firing Correct
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the lobe
Select one:
a. temporal
b. occipital
c. frontal
d. parietal
parietal
Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology?
Select one:
a. A pair of railroad tracks where two things move in a parallel fashion
b. An octopus where every leg comes from a singular body
c. A trail from which one thing leads to another
d. A pyramid, where all questions lead to a singular answer, or “tip”
c. A trail from which one thing leads to another
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
Select one:
a. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response
b. measured directly
c. inferred from the participant’s behavior
d. measured by comparing responses among different participants
c. inferred from the participant’s behavior
According to Ebbinghaus’s savings curve, savings is a function of
Select one:
a. elapsed time
b. reaction time
c. sensory modality
d. word familiarity
a. elapsed time
The key structural components of neurons are
Select one:
a. axon, dendrites, and glands
b. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier
c. cell body, dendrites, and axon
d. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters
c. cell body, dendrites, and axon
Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?
Select one:
a. Psychodynamic models and behavioral models
b. Structural models and process models
c. Biological models and psychological models
d. Interpersonal models and intrapersonal models
b. Structural models and process models
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
Select one:
a. distributed processing
b. aphasia
c. modularity
d. localization of function
a. distributed processing
Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called
Select one:
a. receptors
b. dendrites
c. retinal cells
d. feature detectors
d. feature detectors
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to:
Select one:
a. make a decision about the stimulus.
b. process the stimulus.
c. attend to the stimulus.
d. perceive the stimulus.
a. make a decision about the stimulus.
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Select one:
a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions
b. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli
c. All the alternatives listed are consistent with the idea of localization of function
d. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions
c. All the alternatives listed are consistent with the idea of localization of function
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called
Select one:
a. synaptic vesicles
b. neural networks
c. fused conduits
d. neuronal bridges
b. neural networks
Wiremu is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Wiremu may have damage to his
Select one:
a. Wernicke’s area
b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
c. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
d. Broca’s area
d. Broca’s area
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
Select one:
a. Alzheimer’s disease
b. prosopagnosia
c. Wernicke’s aphasia
d. Broca’s aphasia
b. prosopagnosia
Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
Select one:
a. localization of function
b. dissociation
c. cortical association
d. the information processing approach
a. localization of function
Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT
Select one:
a. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks
b. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus
c. patterns of blood flow in the brain
d. the structure of individual neurons
d. the structure of individual neurons
What is the most important factor in determining if a person sees an object change in a scene?
Select one:
a. None of the other answers are the most important factor
b. Remembering the details of the scene
c. Attending to the object that is changing
d. Whether or not the person likes the scene
c. Attending to the object that is changing
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one’s retina is called the
Select one:
a. inverse projection problem
b. fusiform face role
c. serial location task
d. radiated wavelength paradox
a. inverse projection problem
The “imagery debate” is concerned with whether imagery
Select one:
a. can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems
b. is based on spatial or language mechanisms
c. is identical for all people
d. actually exists.
b. is based on spatial or language mechanisms
In the flicker condition of the change detection demonstration what type of search strategy is typically used?
Select one:
a. a parallel search
b. a serial search
c. a circular search
d. a two by two search
b. a serial search
In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves processing and imagery starts as a process.
Select one:
a. bottom-up; top-down
b. top-down; bottom-up
c. top-down; top-down
d. bottom-up; bottom-up
a. bottom-up; top-down
Scene schema is
Select one:
a. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene
b. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene
c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene
d. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene
a. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scen
Mental imagery involves
Select one:
a. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent
b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs
c. sensory representations of a stimulus
d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
Georgia has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to eat for dinner. Georgia’s experience is a real-world example of
Select one:
a. the cocktail party phenomenon
b. inattentional blindness
c. an object-based attentional failure
d. the late-selection model of attention
b. inattentional blindness
In Simons and Chabris’s “change blindness” experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the
Select one:
a. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual
b. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players
c. the umbrella was the same color as the floor
d. participants were counting the number of ball passes
d. participants were counting the number of ball passe
Anika is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique “mental walk” that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar “route” she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tomato sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Anika is using
Select one:
a. the pegword technique
b. method of loci
c. paired-associate learning
d. mental synthesis
b. method of loci
Paivio’s (1963) conceptual peg hypothesis would predict that which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
Select one:
a. New Zealand
b. Pavlova
c. Freedom
d. Rugby
c. Freedom
While doing a experiment like the one in the CogLab Mental Rotation demonstration participants will often report …
Select one:
a. that they are never really able to tell if the objects are the same or not and they make their same/different judgment on instinct
b. that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not
c. that they observe the two objects and eventually have a spontaneous insight into whether or not the two objects are the same
d. None of the options are correct
b. that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not
Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when
Select one:
a. the faces are of people with scars or deformities
b. animal faces are substituted for human faces
c. the faces are of children
d. the faces are viewed from an angle
d. the faces are viewed from an angle
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
Select one:
a. a wolf
b. a bumblebee
c. an anteater
d. a rhinoceros
b. a bumblebee
Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were , some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were .
Select one:
a. perceiving stimuli; activated
b. perceiving stimuli; deactivated
c. using visual images; activated
d. using visual images; deactivated
d. using visual images; deactivated
Imagery neurons respond to
Select one:
a. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
b. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images
c. only visual images in a specific category
d. all visual images
a. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
Hayden is taking his girlfriend, Aroha to a town neither one of them has visited. Hayden wants to make a good impression on Aroha, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Aroha says, “Where to next?” Hayden conjures a mental image of the map and says, “art museum.” Let’s assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Hayden four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Hayden takes Aroha to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Hayden scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately seconds
Select one:
a. 6
b. 2
c. 4
d. 3
b. 2
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
Select one:
a. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them
b. visual images vary in detail
c. the imageless thought debate was unresolved
d. some people have great difficulty forming visual images
a. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them
Kosslyn’s transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
Select one:
a. is an epiphenomenon
b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery
c. can be inferred using mental chronometry
d. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations
b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery
A mental image could be useful for which of the following tasks?
Select one:
a. Coming up with directions to your apartment
b. Describing what your
c. Trying to figure out a way to fit you hair dryer in your suitcase
d. Mental rotation could be useful for all of the tasks listed
d. Mental rotation could be useful for all of the tasks listed
Memory-span is a measure of …
Select one:
a. working memory capacity
b. long-term memory capacity
c. None of the other options are correct
d. how long one can think about a given memory
a. working memory capacity
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley’s model of memory?
Select one:
a. The central executive and the phonological loop
b. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
c. The phonological loop and long-term memory
d. The central executive and long-term memory
d. The central executive and long-term memory
The Stroop Effect demonstration predicts that participants will be faster to identify the ________ when it is ________ with the ________.
Select one:
a. ink color, congruent, color word
b. ink color, incongruent, color
c. color word, incongruent, ink color
d. color word, congruent, ink color
a. ink color, congruent, color word
Approximately how many digits can the average person hold in working memory?
Select one: a. 2 b. 7 c. 4 d. 10 Feedback
b. 7
Mike has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Mike meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Mike is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Mike realizes that although he remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Mike’s experience demonstrates
Select one:
a. retroactive interference
b. the cocktail party phenomenon
c. proactive interference
d. the phonological similarity effect
a. retroactive interference
What was the dependent variable in the Stroop Effect demonstration?
Select one:
a. The colour words
b. The match between the word and the ink colour
c. The participant’s reaction time
d. The ink colour
c. The participant’s reaction time
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
Select one:
a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
b. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal
c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
d. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe
c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
The Stroop effect demonstrates
Select one:
a. support for object-based attention
b. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
c. the ease of performing a low-load task
d. a failure of divided attention
b. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
Results of pre-cueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the location.
Select one:
a. rightmost
b. cued
c. topmost
d. fixated
b. cued
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
Select one:
a. pre-perceptual auditory memory
b. primary auditory memory
c. iconic memory
d. echoic memory
d. echoic memory
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
Select one:
a. When the person has to drive to work early in the morning
b. When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic
c. When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage
d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. How did the neurons respond during the delay?
Select one:
a. they stopped firing
b. they continued firing
c. they fired at a slower rate
d. they fired randomly
b. they continued firing
Imagine you are driving to a friend’s new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about whether she will like the lasagna you brought over with you. To remember the address, you used a(n) process in STM.
Select one:
a. control
b. automatic
c. iconic
d. coding
a. control
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people’s driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Select one:
a. Trying to remember a map of the area
b. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
c. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
b. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has memory.
Select one:
a. exceptional short-term
b. poor short-term
c. an absence of sensory
d. normal short-term
b. poor short-term
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
Select one:
a. 15-20 seconds or less
b. indefinite
c. 1-3 minutes or more
d. just under a fraction of a second
a. 15-20 seconds or less
In the CogLab Operation Span demonstration, the math problems seem to …
Select one:
a. use different resources than the one’s needed to remember the list words
b. None of the other options are correct
c. use some of the same resources that are need to remember the list words
d. play no role in one’s ability to remember a the list of words
c. use some of the same resources that are need to remember the list words
Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves
Select one:
a. a smaller stimulus set
b. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set
c. a shorter rehearsal period
d. a smaller response set
d. a smaller response set
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
Select one:
a. manipulated
b. forgotten
c. permanently stored
d. perceived
a. manipulated
Eye tracking studies that investigate attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich show that a person’s eye movements
Select one:
a. usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second
b. were determined primarily by the task
c. were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene
d. continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene
b. were determined primarily by the task
According to the encoding specificity principle, recall is based upon an interaction between…
Select one:
a. encoding and the level of processing
b. motivation and memory
c. the level of processing and memory
d. encoding and retrieval
d. encoding and retrieval
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Select one:
a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance
b. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances
c. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances
d. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative
a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
Select one:
a. simply because we have been exposed to them before
b. only when we are aware we’ve seen them before
c. only when we agree with them
d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false
a. simply because we have been exposed to them before
Mantyla’s “banana / yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
Select one:
a. by the person whose memory will be tested
b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective
c. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective
d. using visual images
a. by the person whose memory will be tested
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Select one:
a. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory
b. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
d. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory
c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
Katie and Maia are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days time. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Maia will study three hours the day before the exam. Based on evidence from cognitive psychology, what is the best prediction about their test performance?
Select one:
a. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period
b. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
c. Katie and Maia should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).
d. Maia will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.
b. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
According to the predictions of the levels of processing CogLab experiment, which of the following processing strategies should result in the best recall?
Select one:
a. identifying the font that the word is typed in
b. deciding if a word has similar meaning to another given word
c. deciding if a word has a particular pattern of consonants and vowels
d. deciding if a word rhymes with another given word
b. deciding if a word has similar meaning to another given word
Which of the following would most likely to be a detailed long-term memory?
Select one:
a. I just sat down
b. I was talking to that girl just before class
c. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago
d. I was talking to that boy three months ago
b. I was talking to that girl just before class
Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing
Select one:
a. release from proactive interference
b. retroactive inhibition
c. the self-reference effect
d. disinhibition
a. release from proactive interference
Why do levels of processing experiments use incidental learning?
Select one:
a. To allow participants to engage in any level of processing they see fit
b. To make sure participants are trying to learn the material they are supposed to
c. To see what level of processing participants engage in
d. To prevent participants form engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in
d. To prevent participants form engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in
You are studying for an exam but have no idea when, where, or how you will be tested. Using what you know about encoding specificity, what should you do?
Select one:
a. Space out your study session and study somewhere quiet
b. Space out your study sessions and study in a variety of contexts
c. Use one long study session and study somewhere quiet
d. Space out your study session and study in the morning when you are fresh
b. Space out your study sessions and study in a variety of contexts
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
Select one:
a. childhood and middle age
b. childhood and adolescence
c. adolescence and young adulthood
d. young adulthood and middle age
c. adolescence and young adulthood
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
Select one:
a. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect
b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur
c. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect
d. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event
b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur
memories are to experiences as memories are to facts
Select one:
a. Episodic; semantic
b. Procedural; episodic
c. Semantic; implicit
d. Implicit; episodic
a. Episodic; semantic
Which of the following statements is true of identification lineups?
Select one:
a. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator
b. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event
c. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other
d. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw
b. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,
Select one:
a. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury
b. the more accurate the memories are
c. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury
d. the less convincing the testimony is to a jury
c. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury
The experience of Shereshevskii (the man whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory) illustrates that having memory like a video recorder
Select one:
a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one’s personal life
b. is largely a blessing because no event would be forgotten
c. enabled him to draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base
d. is an advantage because it eliminates “selective” recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which is not beneficial for humans
a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one’s personal life
Brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a rugby player takes a hit to the head and can’t recall the last play before the hit) most likely occur due to:
Select one:
a. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder
b. disrupted long-term potentiation
c. Korsakoff’s syndrome
d. a failure of memory consolidation
d. a failure of memory consolidation
An important finding from the research on flashbulb memories is that
Select one:
a. rehearsal cannot account for them
b. even extremely vivid memories are not necessarily accurate
c. they are permanent and resist forgetting
d. people’s confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy)
b. even extremely vivid memories are not necessarily accurate
Free recall of the stimulus list “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants” will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
Select one:
a. “apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa”
b. “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants”
c. “apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants”
d. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
d. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
Most of the coherence in text is created by
Select one:
a. syntax
b. inference
c. parsing
d. phoneme restoration
b. inference
In the Story Comprehension Lab, one person listened as the Transformed Grandmother story was read out loud. That person then repeated the story from memory to another person, who then did the same thing. In total, four students listened to and then recited the story. The final version of the story was different to the original version in several ways. One noticeable change was the way that unusual/unfamiliar details were lost as the story progressed. This process is known as:
Select one:
a. Levelling
b. Sharpening
c. Rationalisation
d. Normalisation
a. Levelling
Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is _____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird.”
Select one:
a. the same as
b. slower than
c. interfered with by
d. faster than
a. the same as
One of Chomsky’s most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner’s theory of language acquisition was his observation that children
Select one:
a. are rewarded for using correct language
b. produce sentences they have never heard
c. show similar language development across cultures
d. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so
b. produce sentences they have never heard
If you say that “a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog,” you would be using the _____ approach to categorisation.
Select one:
a. definitional
b. family resemblance
c. exemplar
d. prototype
c. exemplar
The _____ states that the nature of a culture’s language can affect the way people think
Select one:
a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
b. given-new contract
c. interactionist approach
d. cooperative principle
a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results
Select one:
a. contradict the word frequency effect
b. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
c. support the word frequency effect
d. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
d. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, “At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them.” That a reader understands “them” appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.
Select one:
a. anaphoric
b. analogic
c. instrument
d. narrative
a. anaphoric
Which approach to categorisation involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
Select one:
a. Exemplar
b. Network
c. Prototype
d. Typicality
c. Prototype
The given-new contract is a method for creating
Select one:
a. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence
b. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
c. children’s mastery of syntax
d. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences
b. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is _____ is involved.
Select one:
a. whether semantics
b. when syntax
c. when semantics
d. whether syntax
c. when semantics
According to Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
Select one:
a. A turtle is an amphibian
b. Turtles are turtles
c. A turtle is an animal
d. A turtle is related to a fish
c. A turtle is an animal
Tanenhaus and coworkers’ eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, “Put the apple on the towel in the box.” Their results support
Select one:
a. the syntax-first approach to parsing
b. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing
c. the garden-path model to parsing
d. the interactionist approach to parsing
d. the interactionist approach to parsing
Anaru is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn’t know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Anaru encounters “wanderlust” in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means “desire to travel.” The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Anaru’s
Select one:
a. syntactical capacity
b. lexicon
c. parser
d. mental set
b. lexicon
According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.
Select one:
a. sensations; facts
b. serial nodes; familiar concepts
c. sensory attributes; function
d. sequential networks; familial resemblance
c. sensory attributes; function
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
Select one:
a. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word
b. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words
c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
d. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word
c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as
Select one:
a. garden-pathing
b. phonemic restoration
c. anaphoric inferencing
d. syntactic priming
d. syntactic priming
Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?
Select one:
a. Common words “cat, boat” and uncommon words “peon, furtive”
b. Correctly spelled words “speech, potato” and misspelled words “speach, potatoe
c. Words “pizza, history” and non-words “pibble, girk”
d. Concrete words “window, monkey” and abstract words “doubt, energy”
c. Words “pizza, history” and non-words “pibble, girk”
Aria can’t wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Aria’s class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying
Select one:
a. speech production
b. language comprehension
c. language acquisition
d. speech parsing
c. language acquisition
In the phonemic restoration effect, participants “fill in” the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT
Select one:
a. the context produced by the sentence
b. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme
c. the portion of the word that was presented
d. a mental “skimming” of the lexicon to find likely words
d. a mental “skimming” of the lexicon to find likely words
“You can’t have any pudding unless you eat your meat,” says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of
Select one:
a. a permission schema
b. inductive reasoning
c. a self-serving bias
d. the illusory correlation
a. a permission schema
Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his “lucky jacket” and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas’s belief in the jacket’s cosmic ability is an example of
Select one:
a. the availability heuristic
b. selective attention
c. an illusory correlation
d. the falsification principle
c. an illusory correlation
Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
Select one:
a. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight
b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
c. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target
d. Using a wine bottle as a vase
b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
Mereana lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Mereana takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents
Select one:
a. a single dissociation
b. a mental set
c. convergent thinking
d. a source problem
b. a mental set
Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle’s being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
Select one:
a. the law of small numbers
b. framing
c. the availability heuristic
d. the representativeness heuristic
d. the representativeness heuristic
Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: “I had a huge tarakihi on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tarakihi swam away across the pond.” Greg’s friend, Matt, didn’t believe his story because Matt knew that tarakihi are salt-water fish and aren’t found in ponds. Greg’s account contains
Select one:
a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information
b. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases
c. a focusing illusion
d. a belief bias
a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information
The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving
Select one:
a. search
b. creative cognition
c. insight
d. design fixation
a. search
The typical purpose of subgoals is to
Select one:
a. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis
b. solve insight problems
c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
d. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state
c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
Consider the following syllogism:
Premise 1: All dogs are cats.
Premise 2: All cats say “meow.”
Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say “meow.”
Which statement below describes this syllogism?
Select one:
a. The conclusion is true
b. Both premises are valid
c. The conclusion is not valid
d. The conclusion is valid
d. The conclusion is valid
Experts _____ than novices
Select one:
a. are better at reasoning in general
b. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems
c. spend less time analysing problems
d. take a more effective approach to organising the solution to a problem
d. take a more effective approach to organising the solution to a problem
By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.
Select one:
a. permission schema
b. pragmatic reasoning schema
c. opt-out procedure
d. opt-in procedure
c. opt-out procedure
The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different
Select one:
a. mental sets
b. surface features
c. structural features
d. operators
b. surface features
In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _____ approach developed by Ronald Finke.
Select one:
a. divergent thinking
b. convergent thinking
c. creative cognition
d. the means-end analysis
c. creative cognition
Waru and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Waru where they should go for dinner, Waru says “My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat.” Waru’s response illustrates the use of a(n)
Select one:
a. permission schema
b. confirmation bias
c. availability heuristic
d. conjunction rule
c. availability heuristic
Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti- nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?
Select one:
a. Lydia holds a ministerial portfolio and is active in the feminist movement
b. Lydia holds a ministerial portfolio
c. Lydia is an MP
d. Lydia is an MP and is active in the feminist movement
c. Lydia is an MP
The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine
Select one:
a. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving
b. how a person’s expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner
c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem
d. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems
c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem
Pirihira has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Pirihira’s emotions are influenced by
Select one:
a. the principle of diversity
b. the law of large numbers
c. confirmation bias
d. the framing effect
d. the framing effect
The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the .
Select one:
a. mental set
b. availability heuristic
c. confirmatory bias
d. belief bias
d. belief bias
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make “warmth” judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
Select one:
a. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems
b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others
d. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem
b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
Select one:
a. reorganisation or restructuring
b. continuity and form
c. sensory operators
d. multiple goal states
a. reorganisation or restructuring
