Memory and Cognition Weekly Quiz Question

Question 1

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the

a. size of the nerve impulses
b. rate of nerve firing
c. speed of nerve conduction
d. all of these

Answer 1

b. rate of nerve firing Correct

Question 2

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the lobe

Select one:

a. temporal
b. occipital
c. frontal
d. parietal

Answer 2

parietal

Question 3

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology?

Select one:

a. A pair of railroad tracks where two things move in a parallel fashion
b. An octopus where every leg comes from a singular body
c. A trail from which one thing leads to another
d. A pyramid, where all questions lead to a singular answer, or “tip”

Answer 3

c. A trail from which one thing leads to another

Question 4

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

Select one:

a. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response
b. measured directly
c. inferred from the participant’s behavior
d. measured by comparing responses among different participants

Answer 4

c. inferred from the participant’s behavior

Question 5

According to Ebbinghaus’s savings curve, savings is a function of

Select one:

a. elapsed time
b. reaction time
c. sensory modality
d. word familiarity

Answer 5

a. elapsed time

Question 6

The key structural components of neurons are

Select one:

a. axon, dendrites, and glands
b. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier
c. cell body, dendrites, and axon
d. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters

Answer 6

c. cell body, dendrites, and axon

Question 7

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?

Select one:

a. Psychodynamic models and behavioral models
b. Structural models and process models
c. Biological models and psychological models
d. Interpersonal models and intrapersonal models

Answer 7

b. Structural models and process models

Question 8

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

Select one:

a. distributed processing
b. aphasia
c. modularity
d. localization of function

Answer 8

a. distributed processing

Question 9

Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called

Select one:

a. receptors
b. dendrites
c. retinal cells
d. feature detectors

Answer 9

d. feature detectors

Question 10

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to:

Select one:

a. make a decision about the stimulus.
b. process the stimulus.
c. attend to the stimulus.
d. perceive the stimulus.

Answer 10

a. make a decision about the stimulus.

Question 11

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Select one:

a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions
b. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli
c. All the alternatives listed are consistent with the idea of localization of function
d. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions

Answer 11

c. All the alternatives listed are consistent with the idea of localization of function

Question 12

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called

Select one:

a. synaptic vesicles
b. neural networks
c. fused conduits
d. neuronal bridges

Answer 12

b. neural networks

Question 13

Wiremu is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Wiremu may have damage to his

Select one:

a. Wernicke’s area
b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
c. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
d. Broca’s area

Answer 13

d. Broca’s area

Question 14

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

Select one:

a. Alzheimer’s disease
b. prosopagnosia
c. Wernicke’s aphasia
d. Broca’s aphasia

Answer 14

b. prosopagnosia

Question 15

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

Select one:

a. localization of function
b. dissociation
c. cortical association
d. the information processing approach

Answer 15

a. localization of function

Question 16

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT

Select one:

a. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks
b. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus
c. patterns of blood flow in the brain
d. the structure of individual neurons

Answer 16

d. the structure of individual neurons

Question 17

What is the most important factor in determining if a person sees an object change in a scene?

Select one:

a. None of the other answers are the most important factor
b. Remembering the details of the scene
c. Attending to the object that is changing
d. Whether or not the person likes the scene

Answer 17

c. Attending to the object that is changing

Question 18

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one’s retina is called the

Select one:

a. inverse projection problem
b. fusiform face role
c. serial location task
d. radiated wavelength paradox

Answer 18

a. inverse projection problem

Question 19

The “imagery debate” is concerned with whether imagery

Select one:

a. can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems
b. is based on spatial or language mechanisms
c. is identical for all people
d. actually exists.

Answer 19

b. is based on spatial or language mechanisms

Question 20

In the flicker condition of the change detection demonstration what type of search strategy is typically used?

Select one:

a. a parallel search
b. a serial search
c. a circular search
d. a two by two search

Answer 20

b. a serial search

Question 21

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves processing and imagery starts as a process.

Select one:

a. bottom-up; top-down
b. top-down; bottom-up
c. top-down; top-down
d. bottom-up; bottom-up

Answer 21

a. bottom-up; top-down

Question 22

Scene schema is

Select one:

a. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene
b. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene
c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene
d. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene

Answer 22

a. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scen

Question 23

Mental imagery involves

Select one:

a. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent
b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs
c. sensory representations of a stimulus
d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Answer 23

d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Question 24

Georgia has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to eat for dinner. Georgia’s experience is a real-world example of

Select one:

a. the cocktail party phenomenon
b. inattentional blindness
c. an object-based attentional failure
d. the late-selection model of attention

Answer 24

b. inattentional blindness

Question 25

In Simons and Chabris’s “change blindness” experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the

Select one:

a. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual
b. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players
c. the umbrella was the same color as the floor
d. participants were counting the number of ball passes

Answer 25

d. participants were counting the number of ball passe

Question 26

Anika is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique “mental walk” that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar “route” she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tomato sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Anika is using

Select one:

a. the pegword technique
b. method of loci
c. paired-associate learning
d. mental synthesis

Answer 26

b. method of loci

Question 27

Paivio’s (1963) conceptual peg hypothesis would predict that which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Select one:

a. New Zealand
b. Pavlova
c. Freedom
d. Rugby

Answer 27

c. Freedom

Question 28

While doing a experiment like the one in the CogLab Mental Rotation demonstration participants will often report …

Select one:

a. that they are never really able to tell if the objects are the same or not and they make their same/different judgment on instinct
b. that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not
c. that they observe the two objects and eventually have a spontaneous insight into whether or not the two objects are the same
d. None of the options are correct

Answer 28

b. that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not

Question 29

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when

Select one:

a. the faces are of people with scars or deformities
b. animal faces are substituted for human faces
c. the faces are of children
d. the faces are viewed from an angle

Answer 29

d. the faces are viewed from an angle

Question 30

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

Select one:

a. a wolf
b. a bumblebee
c. an anteater
d. a rhinoceros

Answer 30

b. a bumblebee

Question 31

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were , some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were .

Select one:

a. perceiving stimuli; activated
b. perceiving stimuli; deactivated
c. using visual images; activated
d. using visual images; deactivated

Answer 31

d. using visual images; deactivated

Question 32

Imagery neurons respond to

Select one:

a. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
b. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images
c. only visual images in a specific category
d. all visual images

Answer 32

a. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

Question 33

Hayden is taking his girlfriend, Aroha to a town neither one of them has visited. Hayden wants to make a good impression on Aroha, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Aroha says, “Where to next?” Hayden conjures a mental image of the map and says, “art museum.” Let’s assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Hayden four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Hayden takes Aroha to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Hayden scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately seconds

Select one:

a. 6
b. 2
c. 4
d. 3

Answer 33

b. 2

Question 34

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

Select one:

a. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them
b. visual images vary in detail
c. the imageless thought debate was unresolved
d. some people have great difficulty forming visual images

Answer 34

a. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them

Question 35

Kosslyn’s transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

Select one:

a. is an epiphenomenon
b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery
c. can be inferred using mental chronometry
d. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations

Answer 35

b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

Question 36

A mental image could be useful for which of the following tasks?

Select one:

a. Coming up with directions to your apartment
b. Describing what your
c. Trying to figure out a way to fit you hair dryer in your suitcase
d. Mental rotation could be useful for all of the tasks listed

Answer 36

d. Mental rotation could be useful for all of the tasks listed

Question 37

Memory-span is a measure of …

Select one:

a. working memory capacity
b. long-term memory capacity
c. None of the other options are correct
d. how long one can think about a given memory

Answer 37

a. working memory capacity

Question 38

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley’s model of memory?

Select one:

a. The central executive and the phonological loop
b. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
c. The phonological loop and long-term memory
d. The central executive and long-term memory

Answer 38

d. The central executive and long-term memory

Question 39

The Stroop Effect demonstration predicts that participants will be faster to identify the ________ when it is ________ with the ________.

Select one:

a. ink color, congruent, color word
b. ink color, incongruent, color
c. color word, incongruent, ink color
d. color word, congruent, ink color

Answer 39

a. ink color, congruent, color word

Question 40

Approximately how many digits can the average person hold in working memory?

Select one:
a. 2
b. 7 
c. 4
d. 10
Feedback

Answer 40

b. 7

Question 41

Mike has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Mike meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Mike is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Mike realizes that although he remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Mike’s experience demonstrates

Select one:

a. retroactive interference
b. the cocktail party phenomenon
c. proactive interference
d. the phonological similarity effect

Answer 41

a. retroactive interference

Question 42

What was the dependent variable in the Stroop Effect demonstration?

Select one:

a. The colour words
b. The match between the word and the ink colour
c. The participant’s reaction time
d. The ink colour

Answer 42

c. The participant’s reaction time

Question 43

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

Select one:

a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
b. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal
c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
d. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

Answer 43

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Question 44

The Stroop effect demonstrates

Select one:

a. support for object-based attention
b. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
c. the ease of performing a low-load task
d. a failure of divided attention

Answer 44

b. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

Question 45

Results of pre-cueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the location.

Select one:

a. rightmost
b. cued
c. topmost
d. fixated

Answer 45

b. cued

Question 46

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

Select one:

a. pre-perceptual auditory memory
b. primary auditory memory
c. iconic memory
d. echoic memory

Answer 46

d. echoic memory

Question 47

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

Select one:

a. When the person has to drive to work early in the morning
b. When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic
c. When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage
d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

Answer 47

d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

Question 48

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. How did the neurons respond during the delay?

Select one:

a. they stopped firing
b. they continued firing
c. they fired at a slower rate
d. they fired randomly

Answer 48

b. they continued firing

Question 49

Imagine you are driving to a friend’s new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about whether she will like the lasagna you brought over with you. To remember the address, you used a(n) process in STM.

Select one:

a. control
b. automatic
c. iconic
d. coding

Answer 49

a. control

Question 50

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people’s driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Select one:

a. Trying to remember a map of the area
b. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
c. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

Answer 50

b. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Question 51

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has memory.

Select one:

a. exceptional short-term
b. poor short-term
c. an absence of sensory
d. normal short-term

Answer 51

b. poor short-term

Question 52

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

Select one:

a. 15-20 seconds or less
b. indefinite
c. 1-3 minutes or more
d. just under a fraction of a second

Answer 52

a. 15-20 seconds or less

Question 53

In the CogLab Operation Span demonstration, the math problems seem to …

Select one:

a. use different resources than the one’s needed to remember the list words
b. None of the other options are correct
c. use some of the same resources that are need to remember the list words
d. play no role in one’s ability to remember a the list of words

Answer 53

c. use some of the same resources that are need to remember the list words

Question 54

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

Select one:

a. a smaller stimulus set
b. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set
c. a shorter rehearsal period
d. a smaller response set

Answer 54

d. a smaller response set

Question 55

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

Select one:

a. manipulated
b. forgotten
c. permanently stored
d. perceived

Answer 55

a. manipulated

Question 56

Eye tracking studies that investigate attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich show that a person’s eye movements

Select one:

a. usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second
b. were determined primarily by the task
c. were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene
d. continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene

Answer 56

b. were determined primarily by the task

Question 57

According to the encoding specificity principle, recall is based upon an interaction between…

Select one:

a. encoding and the level of processing
b. motivation and memory
c. the level of processing and memory
d. encoding and retrieval

Answer 57

d. encoding and retrieval

Question 58

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Select one:

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance
b. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances
c. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances
d. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative

Answer 58

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Question 59

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

Select one:

a. simply because we have been exposed to them before
b. only when we are aware we’ve seen them before
c. only when we agree with them
d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false

Answer 59

a. simply because we have been exposed to them before

Question 60

Mantyla’s “banana / yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

Select one:

a. by the person whose memory will be tested
b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective
c. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective
d. using visual images

Answer 60

a. by the person whose memory will be tested

Question 61

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Select one:

a. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory
b. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
d. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory

Answer 61

c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

Question 62

Katie and Maia are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days time. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Maia will study three hours the day before the exam. Based on evidence from cognitive psychology, what is the best prediction about their test performance?

Select one:

a. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period
b. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
c. Katie and Maia should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).
d. Maia will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.

Answer 62

b. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Question 63

According to the predictions of the levels of processing CogLab experiment, which of the following processing strategies should result in the best recall?

Select one:

a. identifying the font that the word is typed in
b. deciding if a word has similar meaning to another given word
c. deciding if a word has a particular pattern of consonants and vowels
d. deciding if a word rhymes with another given word

Answer 63

b. deciding if a word has similar meaning to another given word

Question 64

Which of the following would most likely to be a detailed long-term memory?

Select one:

a. I just sat down
b. I was talking to that girl just before class
c. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago
d. I was talking to that boy three months ago

Answer 64

b. I was talking to that girl just before class

Question 65

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

Select one:

a. release from proactive interference
b. retroactive inhibition
c. the self-reference effect
d. disinhibition

Answer 65

a. release from proactive interference

Question 66

Why do levels of processing experiments use incidental learning?

Select one:

a. To allow participants to engage in any level of processing they see fit
b. To make sure participants are trying to learn the material they are supposed to
c. To see what level of processing participants engage in
d. To prevent participants form engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in

Answer 66

d. To prevent participants form engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in

Question 67

You are studying for an exam but have no idea when, where, or how you will be tested. Using what you know about encoding specificity, what should you do?

Select one:

a. Space out your study session and study somewhere quiet
b. Space out your study sessions and study in a variety of contexts
c. Use one long study session and study somewhere quiet
d. Space out your study session and study in the morning when you are fresh

Answer 67

b. Space out your study sessions and study in a variety of contexts

Question 68

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Select one:

a. childhood and middle age
b. childhood and adolescence
c. adolescence and young adulthood
d. young adulthood and middle age

Answer 68

c. adolescence and young adulthood

Question 69

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Select one:

a. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect
b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur
c. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect
d. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event

Answer 69

b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

Question 70

memories are to experiences as memories are to facts

Select one:

a. Episodic; semantic
b. Procedural; episodic
c. Semantic; implicit
d. Implicit; episodic

Answer 70

a. Episodic; semantic

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of identification lineups?

Select one:

a. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator
b. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event
c. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other
d. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw

Answer 71

b. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event

Question 72

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

Select one:

a. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury
b. the more accurate the memories are
c. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury
d. the less convincing the testimony is to a jury

Answer 72

c. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Question 73

The experience of Shereshevskii (the man whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory) illustrates that having memory like a video recorder

Select one:

a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one’s personal life
b. is largely a blessing because no event would be forgotten
c. enabled him to draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base
d. is an advantage because it eliminates “selective” recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which is not beneficial for humans

Answer 73

a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one’s personal life

Question 74

Brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a rugby player takes a hit to the head and can’t recall the last play before the hit) most likely occur due to:

Select one:

a. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder
b. disrupted long-term potentiation
c. Korsakoff’s syndrome
d. a failure of memory consolidation

Answer 74

d. a failure of memory consolidation

Question 75

An important finding from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Select one:

a. rehearsal cannot account for them
b. even extremely vivid memories are not necessarily accurate
c. they are permanent and resist forgetting
d. people’s confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy)

Answer 75

b. even extremely vivid memories are not necessarily accurate

Question 76

Free recall of the stimulus list “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants” will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

Select one:

a. “apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa”
b. “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants”
c. “apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants”
d. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”

Answer 76

d. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”

Question 77

Most of the coherence in text is created by

Select one:

a. syntax
b. inference
c. parsing
d. phoneme restoration

Answer 77

b. inference

Question 78

In the Story Comprehension Lab, one person listened as the Transformed Grandmother story was read out loud. That person then repeated the story from memory to another person, who then did the same thing. In total, four students listened to and then recited the story. The final version of the story was different to the original version in several ways. One noticeable change was the way that unusual/unfamiliar details were lost as the story progressed. This process is known as:

Select one:

a. Levelling
b. Sharpening
c. Rationalisation
d. Normalisation

Answer 78

a. Levelling

Question 79

Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is _____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird.”

Select one:

a. the same as
b. slower than
c. interfered with by
d. faster than

Answer 79

a. the same as

Question 80

One of Chomsky’s most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner’s theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

Select one:

a. are rewarded for using correct language
b. produce sentences they have never heard
c. show similar language development across cultures
d. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so

Answer 80

b. produce sentences they have never heard

Question 81

If you say that “a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog,” you would be using the _____ approach to categorisation.

Select one:

a. definitional
b. family resemblance
c. exemplar
d. prototype

Answer 81

c. exemplar

Question 82

The _____ states that the nature of a culture’s language can affect the way people think

Select one:

a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
b. given-new contract
c. interactionist approach
d. cooperative principle

Answer 82

a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 83

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

Select one:

a. contradict the word frequency effect
b. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
c. support the word frequency effect
d. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 83

d. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 84

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, “At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them.” That a reader understands “them” appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

Select one:

a. anaphoric
b. analogic
c. instrument
d. narrative

Answer 84

a. anaphoric

Question 85

Which approach to categorisation involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Select one:

a. Exemplar
b. Network
c. Prototype
d. Typicality

Answer 85

c. Prototype

Question 86

The given-new contract is a method for creating

Select one:

a. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence
b. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
c. children’s mastery of syntax
d. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences

Answer 86

b. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

Question 87

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is _____ is involved.

Select one:

a. whether semantics
b. when syntax
c. when semantics
d. whether syntax

Answer 87

c. when semantics

Question 88

According to Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

Select one:

a. A turtle is an amphibian
b. Turtles are turtles
c. A turtle is an animal
d. A turtle is related to a fish

Answer 88

c. A turtle is an animal

Question 89

Tanenhaus and coworkers’ eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, “Put the apple on the towel in the box.” Their results support

Select one:

a. the syntax-first approach to parsing
b. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing
c. the garden-path model to parsing
d. the interactionist approach to parsing

Answer 89

d. the interactionist approach to parsing

Question 90

Anaru is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn’t know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Anaru encounters “wanderlust” in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means “desire to travel.” The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Anaru’s

Select one:

a. syntactical capacity
b. lexicon
c. parser
d. mental set

Answer 90

b. lexicon

Question 91

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

Select one:

a. sensations; facts
b. serial nodes; familiar concepts
c. sensory attributes; function
d. sequential networks; familial resemblance

Answer 91

c. sensory attributes; function

Question 92

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

Select one:

a. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word
b. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words
c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
d. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word

Answer 92

c. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Question 93

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

Select one:

a. garden-pathing
b. phonemic restoration
c. anaphoric inferencing
d. syntactic priming

Answer 93

d. syntactic priming

Question 94

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Select one:

a. Common words “cat, boat” and uncommon words “peon, furtive”
b. Correctly spelled words “speech, potato” and misspelled words “speach, potatoe
c. Words “pizza, history” and non-words “pibble, girk”
d. Concrete words “window, monkey” and abstract words “doubt, energy”

Answer 94

c. Words “pizza, history” and non-words “pibble, girk”

Question 95

Aria can’t wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Aria’s class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

Select one:

a. speech production
b. language comprehension
c. language acquisition
d. speech parsing

Answer 95

c. language acquisition

Question 96

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants “fill in” the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

Select one:

a. the context produced by the sentence
b. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme
c. the portion of the word that was presented
d. a mental “skimming” of the lexicon to find likely words

Answer 96

d. a mental “skimming” of the lexicon to find likely words

Question 97

“You can’t have any pudding unless you eat your meat,” says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

Select one:

a. a permission schema
b. inductive reasoning
c. a self-serving bias
d. the illusory correlation

Answer 97

a. a permission schema

Question 98

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his “lucky jacket” and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas’s belief in the jacket’s cosmic ability is an example of

Select one:

a. the availability heuristic
b. selective attention
c. an illusory correlation
d. the falsification principle

Answer 98

c. an illusory correlation

Question 99

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Select one:

a. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight
b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
c. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target
d. Using a wine bottle as a vase

Answer 99

b. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Question 100

Mereana lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Mereana takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

Select one:

a. a single dissociation
b. a mental set
c. convergent thinking
d. a source problem

Answer 100

b. a mental set

Question 101

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle’s being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

Select one:

a. the law of small numbers
b. framing
c. the availability heuristic
d. the representativeness heuristic

Answer 101

d. the representativeness heuristic

Question 102

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: “I had a huge tarakihi on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tarakihi swam away across the pond.” Greg’s friend, Matt, didn’t believe his story because Matt knew that tarakihi are salt-water fish and aren’t found in ponds. Greg’s account contains

Select one:

a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information
b. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases
c. a focusing illusion
d. a belief bias

Answer 102

a. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

Question 103

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

Select one:

a. search
b. creative cognition
c. insight
d. design fixation

Answer 103

a. search

Question 104

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

Select one:

a. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis
b. solve insight problems
c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
d. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state

Answer 104

c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Question 105

Consider the following syllogism:

Premise 1: All dogs are cats.

Premise 2: All cats say “meow.”

Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say “meow.”

Which statement below describes this syllogism?

Select one:

a. The conclusion is true
b. Both premises are valid
c. The conclusion is not valid
d. The conclusion is valid

Answer 105

d. The conclusion is valid

Question 106

Experts _____ than novices

Select one:

a. are better at reasoning in general
b. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems
c. spend less time analysing problems
d. take a more effective approach to organising the solution to a problem

Answer 106

d. take a more effective approach to organising the solution to a problem

Question 107

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

Select one:

a. permission schema
b. pragmatic reasoning schema
c. opt-out procedure
d. opt-in procedure

Answer 107

c. opt-out procedure

Question 108

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different

Select one:

a. mental sets
b. surface features
c. structural features
d. operators

Answer 108

b. surface features

Question 109

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _____ approach developed by Ronald Finke.

Select one:

a. divergent thinking
b. convergent thinking
c. creative cognition
d. the means-end analysis

Answer 109

c. creative cognition

Question 110

Waru and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Waru where they should go for dinner, Waru says “My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat.” Waru’s response illustrates the use of a(n)

Select one:

a. permission schema
b. confirmation bias
c. availability heuristic
d. conjunction rule

Answer 110

c. availability heuristic

Question 111

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti- nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Select one:

a. Lydia holds a ministerial portfolio and is active in the feminist movement
b. Lydia holds a ministerial portfolio
c. Lydia is an MP
d. Lydia is an MP and is active in the feminist movement

Answer 111

c. Lydia is an MP

Question 112

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

Select one:

a. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving
b. how a person’s expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner
c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem
d. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems

Answer 112

c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

Question 113

Pirihira has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Pirihira’s emotions are influenced by

Select one:

a. the principle of diversity
b. the law of large numbers
c. confirmation bias
d. the framing effect

Answer 113

d. the framing effect

Question 114

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the .

Select one:

a. mental set
b. availability heuristic
c. confirmatory bias
d. belief bias

Answer 114

d. belief bias

Question 115

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make “warmth” judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

Select one:

a. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems
b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others
d. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem

Answer 115

b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Question 116

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

Select one:

a. reorganisation or restructuring
b. continuity and form
c. sensory operators
d. multiple goal states

Answer 116

a. reorganisation or restructuring