Memory and Cognition

Question 0

Schema

Answer 0

A knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, and situations in one’s life.

Question 1

Persistence

Answer 1

A memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind.

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

Mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on experience.

Question 3

Misinformation effect

Answer 3

The distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation.

Question 4

Script

Answer 4

A cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings

Question 5

Serial position effect

Answer 5

A form of interference related to the sequence in which information is presented. Generally, items in the middle of the sequence are less well remembered than items presented first or last.

Question 6

Misattribution

Answer 6

A memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person

Question 7

Expectancy bias

Answer 7

In memory, a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one’s expectations.

Question 8

Self-consistency bias

Answer 8

The commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are.

Question 9

Anchoring bias

Answer 9

A faulty heuristic caused by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity.

Question 10

Computer metaphor

Answer 10

The idea that the brain is an information processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer

Question 11

Recall

Answer 11

A retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information.

Question 12

Recognition

Answer 12

A retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented.

Question 13

Representativeness bias

Answer 13

A faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all of the features of other members in that category.

Question 14

Information-processing model

Answer 14

A cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Question 15

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 15

The doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context in which it was formed. The more closely the retrieval cues match the form in which the information was encoded, the better it will be remembered

Question 16

Natural language mediators

Answer 16

Words associated with new information to be remembered.

Question 17

Blocking

Answer 17

Forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved. Blocking is caused by interference.

Question 18

Morphemes

Answer 18

The meaningful units of language that makes up words. Some whole words are morphemes, other morphemes include grammatical components that alter a word’s meaning.

Question 19

Mental set

Answer 19

The tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem.

Question 20

Engram

Answer 20

The physical changes in the brain associated with memory. It is also know as the memory trace.

Question 21

Acoustic encoding

Answer 21

The conversion of information, especially semantic information, to sound patterns in working memory.

Question 22

Consolidation

Answer 22

The process by which short-term memories are changed to long term memories over a period of time.

Question 23

Availability bias

Answer 23

A faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on information that can me recalled from personal experience

Question 24

Creativity

Answer 24

A mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to the solutions of problems.

Question 25

Algorithms

Answer 25

Problem solving procedures of formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied.

Question 26

Mnemonics

Answer 26

Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information in long term memory.

Question 27

Natural concepts

Answer 27

Mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience.

Question 28

Prototype

Answer 28

An ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category.

Question 29

Method of loci

Answer 29

A mnemonic technique that involved associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations.

Question 30

Functional fixedness

Answer 30

The inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose; a form of mental set

Question 31

Artificial concepts

Answer 31

Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas.