Memory And Affective Disorders Flashcards
interpretation vs extroception
Inter - body to brain
Extro- external senses to brain
What Brainstem nuclei are involved in homeostasis/exteroception and how
Nucleus tractus solitarius
Parabrachial nuclei
Superior colliculus
Periaqueductal grey
Receive input from unmyleinated cadelta fibres that project to laminate of spinal cord
Posterior vs anterior brain damage
Posterior- coma/vegetative state (no feelings)
Anterior - locked in syndrome (feelings)
Feature of intericeotige fibres
Unmyelinated so have a slow response (emotions and feelings)
What is the monoamine hypothesis
Antidepressant drugs act on monoaminergic neurotransmitters
Antidepressants cause increased synthesis and action of these nts and inhibit reputable and breakdown
What neurotransmitters are monoaminergic
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin
What does drug ipronizid do
It’s a monoamine oxidase inhibitor to prevent their breakdown
Why has hypothesis been updated
Drugs act immediately but effects only seen a few weeks later so new hypothesis suggests complex cascades result in increase in neurogenesis in hippocampus
Characteristics of depression (neurons)
Less neurogenisis in hippocampus (smaller size)
Less formation of dendritic spines (impaired learning and memory)
Increased crf from paraventrucular nucleus of hypothalamus - which stimulates pituitary to release acth - causes adrenal glands to produce cortisol (this means crf isn’t inhibited so neurogeneis is inhibited)
What structures are involved in anxiety
Bed nucleus of striata terminals
Lateral septum
Cea
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Bla
How do benzos work (simple)
Activate gaba to hyperpolarise cell by increasing cl- conc
What is amnesia
General term for substantial difficulty in learning and retention of new info
What are two types of amnesia
Retrograde- past events
Anteriorgrade - present memory loss
What is dementia
I’m really term that describes a syndrome characterised by a decline in cognitive function that impairs people from performing normal activities
Caused by several neurodegen diseases or neuropathological lesion
What are the types of dementia
Vascular
Lewey bodies
Frontotemporal
Alzheimer’s
What is the main risk factor for dementia
Age (abnormal aging)
What is korsakoff syndrome
Caused by overconsumption of alcohol leading to vitamin B1 deficiency
Non progressive type of dementia
Delcaritve memory loss
What structures are responsible for declaritve memory
Hippocampus
Fornix
Atn
Mammillary bodies
Dorsal medial thalamic nuclei
What is MCI
Gradual decline in mental abilities in presence of preserved general cog function
Leads to increased risk of dementia
What is TBI
Brain injury that can lead to post traumatic amnesia (can be restored)
Characteristics of Alzheimer’s
Plaques made of beta amyloid peptide and neurofibrilary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Shrunken gyri
Synaptic features of dementia
Synaptic loss- decreased spine/bouton density and stability
Dementia and LTP
Impaired LTP paired with enhanced LTD by beta amyloid oligomers
Ab facilitates hippocampal ltp via a mechanism involving NMDAR and MGLUR
But dementia doesn’t always mean reduced ltp
What is e3c4
It’s a variant that makes you more likely to have Alzheimer’s
