Memory

Question 1

Rote Learning

Answer 1

• A mechanical process through which information is transferred to long-term memory by repeated exposure by ​increasing the number of times one is exposed to the information.
• It is the least efficient form of recording information.
  
  • more time and effort than elaborative and recoding.
• The information needs to be recalled in the same form in which it was stored.
  
  • rote memories usually only have a single retrieval cue.

Question 2

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 2

• Uses active learning
  
  • An active thinking process in which learners ask questions about the material and develop a deeper understanding of it.
• Creates new connections between ideas.
  
  • creates multiple retrieval cues

Question 3

Recoding

Answer 3

• Uses active learning
  
  • requires the learner to create patterns of organization for individual pieces of information which will increase the likelihood that the information will be stored in a meaningful way.
• Creates multiple retrieval cues
  
  • allows information to be retrieved by using any of the individual pieces as retrieval cues

Question 4

Forgetting

Answer 4

• Information can be lost from long-term memory through:
  
  • illness
  • brain damage
  • interference:
    
    • proactive
    • retroactive

Question 5

Proactive Interference

Answer 5

occurs when old learning interferes with the acquisition of new information

Question 6

Retroactive Interference

Answer 6

occurs when new learning destabilizes existing knowledge.

Can be prevented by using active learning techniques

• Cornell Note-Taking Method
• Parallel Note-Taking Method
• Colour Coding Method
• SQ3R Study Method

Question 7

Strategies for Improving Storage

Answer 7

1. Use immediate review
2. Use numerous sensory channels to store information
3. Organize or recode information to be stored
4. Use elaboration (connect new learning with previous learning)

Question 8

Strategies for Improving Retrieval

Answer 8

1. Develop retrieval cues
2. Simulate rehearsal tasks
3. Use active learning techniques

Question 9

Three stages of memory

Answer 9

1. Encoding
2. Storage

• sensory (encoding)
• short-term
• long-term

3. Retrieval

Question 10

Stage 3: Retrieval

Answer 10

The process of recovering stored information from the memory.

What can make retrieving information easier?

• The manner in which information is stored affects the ease with which it can be retrieved.
  
  • Information that is stored with multiple retrieval cues can be accessed in a number of ways.

Question 11

what are the factors that can affect the duration of short-term memory?

Answer 11

The degree to which:

1. the information is meaningful and/or familiar.
2. one works with the information during initial exposure
   - length of time ​from the initial exposure
3. the information is consolidated before the individual sleeps
4. volume of material one is attempting to manage at one time.
5. type of information with which one is working (type of knowledge)