memory Flashcards
encoding
the process of information entering your memory
sensory memory (1st stage)
High capacity
Rapidly fades
working memory (2nd stage)
Limited capacity (~7 items, AKA 7 +/-2)
Chunking (e.g., RLJS, PASG, TIXV, PEYA)
Rehearsal (e.g., phonological loop)
how is the working memory stage like a mental workspace?
Mental arithmetic
Mental time travel → thinking about the future or past
General conversation
Mental rotation
active memory (rehearsal loop) –> within working memory
Maintenance rehearsal
Keeping the information in mind, or within its capacity via repetition until no longer needed
^ or until you get distracted
Elaborative rehearsal
Creating deeper associations, or more chunks, based on what’s in mind
Adding information in association with the current information
self-reference effect
thinking about how that word/information relates to yourself
- helps to develop a stronger level of processing
difference between STM state and LTM state
STM: active
LTM: passive storage
consolidation
aka encoding
Information entering LTM
physical + chemical process
Can enhance it by thinking about them deeper
LTM characteristics
Potentially infinite capacity
Durable, yet pliable and fallible
Can change existing memories because memory is a constructive process
procedural memory (type of LTM)
“Muscle memory”
Remembering how to perform physical actions
How to ride a bike
How to read + write
Semantic memory (type of LTM)
Information without context (just raw facts, you know the sky is blue, but you don’t remember learning it)
Semantic web, interconnected information
Episodic memory (type of LTM)
Information with context
Memories for events
Can be “replayed” (remember what you had for breakfast + what you did)
Can be manipulated (if manipulated too much, they can become false memories)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
failure in retrieval
Serial Position Effect
- beginning info is stored in LTM
- middle info may not make it (still too busy storing beginning info in LTM)
- end info stored in STM
Primacy effect
Bump in memory for the first info (earliest)
Recency effect
Bump in memory for the most recent info (the latest)
Explicit Memory (declarative memory)
Consciously accessible, can be communicated via language
Semantic & episodic
Retrieval can break down (e.g., tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)
Implicit Memory
Not consciously accessible
Habits
Skills
remain intact
memory cues
Stimuli that help you remember sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, etc) can be internal (remind yourself)
a good cue is…
semantically related to target
State-dependant retrieval
The more similar the context of retrieval is to the context of encoding the easier retrieval will be
The more similar your environment is to the environment you’ve learned it in, the easier it will be to remember
where can memory instructions occur in the memory stage
between the storing and retrieval stage
Elizabeth Loftus
created the experiment where she manipulated language/questions to distort memory
illustrates that language can be used to prime concepts related to events
