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psychology 101 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

the process of information entering your memory

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2
Q

sensory memory (1st stage)

A

High capacity

Rapidly fades

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3
Q

working memory (2nd stage)

A

Limited capacity (~7 items, AKA 7 +/-2)
Chunking (e.g., RLJS, PASG, TIXV, PEYA)
Rehearsal (e.g., phonological loop)

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4
Q

how is the working memory stage like a mental workspace?

A

Mental arithmetic
Mental time travel → thinking about the future or past
General conversation
Mental rotation

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5
Q

active memory (rehearsal loop) –> within working memory

A

Maintenance rehearsal
Keeping the information in mind, or within its capacity via repetition until no longer needed
^ or until you get distracted

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6
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Creating deeper associations, or more chunks, based on what’s in mind
Adding information in association with the current information

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7
Q

self-reference effect

A

thinking about how that word/information relates to yourself
- helps to develop a stronger level of processing

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8
Q

difference between STM state and LTM state

A

STM: active
LTM: passive storage

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9
Q

consolidation

A

aka encoding
Information entering LTM
physical + chemical process
Can enhance it by thinking about them deeper

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10
Q

LTM characteristics

A

Potentially infinite capacity
Durable, yet pliable and fallible
Can change existing memories because memory is a constructive process

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11
Q

procedural memory (type of LTM)

A

“Muscle memory”
Remembering how to perform physical actions
How to ride a bike
How to read + write

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12
Q

Semantic memory (type of LTM)

A

Information without context (just raw facts, you know the sky is blue, but you don’t remember learning it)
Semantic web, interconnected information

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13
Q

Episodic memory (type of LTM)

A

Information with context
Memories for events
Can be “replayed” (remember what you had for breakfast + what you did)
Can be manipulated (if manipulated too much, they can become false memories)

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14
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

failure in retrieval

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15
Q

Serial Position Effect

A
  • beginning info is stored in LTM
  • middle info may not make it (still too busy storing beginning info in LTM)
  • end info stored in STM
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16
Q

Primacy effect

A

Bump in memory for the first info (earliest)

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17
Q

Recency effect

A

Bump in memory for the most recent info (the latest)

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18
Q

Explicit Memory (declarative memory)

A

Consciously accessible, can be communicated via language
Semantic & episodic
Retrieval can break down (e.g., tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)

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19
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Not consciously accessible
Habits
Skills
remain intact

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20
Q

memory cues

A 
Stimuli that help you remember
sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, etc)
can be internal (remind yourself)
21
Q

a good cue is…

A

semantically related to target

22
Q

State-dependant retrieval

A

The more similar the context of retrieval is to the context of encoding the easier retrieval will be
The more similar your environment is to the environment you’ve learned it in, the easier it will be to remember

23
Q

where can memory instructions occur in the memory stage

A

between the storing and retrieval stage

24
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

created the experiment where she manipulated language/questions to distort memory
illustrates that language can be used to prime concepts related to events

25
Q

Schema:

A

A web of related memory information

ex: nurses are related to the word hospital, not tree

26
Q

what happens when an experience doesn’t fit a schema?

A

if it’s not YOUR experience, it probably won’t be encoded in LTM

27
Q

Mnemonics

A

Devices for improving memory

28
Q

External mnemonics

A

ex: something you’ve written down (like a grocery list)

29
Q

Internal mnemonics

A

Systems of learning beyond just route rehearsals

30
Q

Method of Loci (mnemonics imagery)

A

Mind Palace
uses visualizations with the use of spatial memory, familiar information about one’s environment, to quickly and efficiently recall information.

31
Q

Pegword system

A

system of rhyming to help remember

32
Q

Keyword system

A

Substitute word for a similar sounding word

create mental image for sub word

33
Q

why doe imagery help memory?

A

Chunking a visual scene

Rich, distinctive memory trace

34
Q

Acrostics (verbal mnemonic)

A

Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge

EDGF for music notes

35
Q

verbal mnemonics

A

Initialism
acrostics
use of verse
acronyms

36
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Extraordinary memory capacity with deficiencies in other cognitive faculties (reduced social or general intelligence)

37
Q

Kim Peek

A

has Savant syndrome
Verbatim recall for a page of information glanced at for 8-10 seconds
but almost no social intelligence

38
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of episodic memory
- Retention of working memory

  • Retention of implicit memory
    Can perform actions or behaviour, and be primed or cued, but might not know why or be able to explain
39
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories
“Trapped” in stream of consciousness
Severe trauma to temporal lobes, into hippocampus
ex: Clive Wearing

40
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Profound loss of memories prior to brain trauma
Can form new memories, but you may not know who you are
Case Study: Linda

41
Q

Confabulation

A

Creates fictitious narratives to fill gaps in memory

ex: Clive Wearing

42
Q

flashbulb memories

A

“Now print” mechanism
Memories are so powerful, that they bypass the usual mechanisms of encoding
Goes right into LTM
not semantic, very episodic
not more accurate than normal memories though

43
Q

why is forgetting important?

A

you need to forget some things to learn the right things

44
Q

repression

A

Using executive control (e.g., working memory) to remove unwanted information from awareness when it should arise
more as an active, ongoing process
still difficult to verify

45
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for memory (past + future)

The hippocampus is the hub of this circuit, putting together information from other parts of the brain to reconstruct past memories

46
Q

patient HM

A

Hippocampus removed at age 27 for intractable epilepsy

Nearly complete loss of episodic memory

47
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

Val-met = may have superior memory

48
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency and exacerbated by excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption

psychology 101 (7 decks)

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