Memory Flashcards
Who proposed the multi store model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the multi store model.
How many stores does the multi store model consist of? And what are they in order of memory passage.
3 stores, sensory store -> short term memory -> long term memory. Retrival back from ltm to stm and rehearsal of stm to create ltm.
Outline sensory memory, and when does it decay?
Sensory memory is the information you get from your senses, when attention is payed to something in the enviroment, I’d is then converted into stm. if any of the information is not important it then decays.
How can the stm become ltm according to the multi store model.
Once information is in the stm store it can be rehearsed and some information is then passed into the Ltm.
Each store has it’s own encoding, capacity and duration what are these?
Encoding - is the way information is changed so that is can be stored. 3 ways to encode visual, acoustic and semantic. (Meaning)
Capacity - concerns how much information can be stored.
Duration - refers to the period of time information can be stored for until it decays.
Outline the Duration, Capacity and Encoding of a Sensory Register
Duration - 1/4 to 1/2 a Second
Capacity - all sensory experience (v. Larger Capacity)
Encoding - sense specific (e.g different stores for each sense)
Outline the Duration, Capacity and Encoding of a Short term memory Register
Duration - 0 - 18 seconds
Capacity - 7 +/- 2 items
Encoding - sense specific (e.g different stores for each sense)
Outline the Duration, Capacity and Encoding of Long Term Memory
Duration - Unlimited
Capacity - Unlimited
Encoding - Mainly semantic (but can be visual and acoustic)
Give a strength of the multi store model in reference to the STM
One strength of the Multistore model is that it gives us a good understanding of the structure and process of the STM. Allowing researchers to expand on the model, able to do experiments to make it more valid.
Explain in limitation of the mutli store model in reference to complications with STM AND LTM.
STM and LTM are far more complicated than was first thought. For example the working more of memory proposed by Baddeley and Hitch showed STM to be more than one unitary store.
How does the ability to recall information without rehearsal go against the theory?
It shows that to retain or creat LTM we do not need to rehearse for example how do we remember to swim without swimming and not able to recall information while revising. Therefore it’s role is much less important.
Name one study that supports both LTM and STM.
Glanzer and Cunitz
What did Galnzer and Cunitz study show?
That when participants we’re presented with a list of words, they tended to remember the first few and last free words and are more likely to forget those in the middle.
How does Glanzer and Cuniz study support the existence if separate LTM and STM stores? (Explain)
Because they observed a primary and recency effect. Words early on we’re put into the Ltm because they had time to rehearse the words, and words are the end we’re in shirt term memory.
Name another study to support Glanzer and Cunitz study, and what did it show.
Case of KF by Shallice and Warrington. KF had been in a motor cycle crash and sustained brain damage. His LTM seemed to be unaffected while he was only able to recall the last bit of information in his STM showing there different stores.
Who proposed the difference between episodic, semantic and procedural memory?
Tulving (1972)
Outline procedural memory.
A part of the long term memory, and is responsible for knowing how to do things and motor skills. In is unconscious and automatic.
Outline semantic memory.
Part of the long term memory responsible for storing information about the world. Knowledge of meaning such as words,. As well as general knowledge.
What is episodic memory.
Part of long term memory, responsible for storing information about events that we have experienced in our lives.
Cohen and squire (1980) drew distinctions between procedural and declarative knowledge what is the difference?
Procedural I loves knowing how to do things such as skills of riding a bike etc, not involving concious thought.
Declarative knowledge is knowing that something is true, such as London is the capital of England. Recalling this requires concious effort.
Which types of LTM are declarative?
Semantic and Episodic are declarative as they focus on knowing that something is the case.
What is a strength of research into the distinctions between procedural and declarative memory involving population?
The population in research for the distinctions between procedural and declarative memory are mainly done on patients with amnesia, and typically amnesic patients have difficulty recalling episodic and semantic. And procedural I’m affected showing that episodic and semantic are declarative or at least similar.
